Subpart A

General

61.1 Applicability and definitions.

(a) This part prescribes:

(1) The requirements for issuing pilot, flight instructor, and ground instructor licenses, certificates, and/or ratings; the conditions under which those licenses and ratings are necessary; and the privileges and limitations of those licenses and ratings.

(2) The requirements for issuing pilot, flight instructor, and ground instructor authorizations; the conditions under which those authorizations are necessary; and the privileges and limitations of those authorizations.

(3) The requirements for issuing pilot, flight instructor, and ground instructor licenses and ratings for persons who have taken courses approved by the Egyptian Civil Aviation Authority (ECAA) under other parts of the Egyptian Civil Aviation Regulations (ECARs).

(b) For the purpose of this part:

(1) Aeronautical experience means pilot time obtained in an aircraft, flight simulator, or flight training device used for meeting the appropriate training and flight time requirements for an airman license, rating, flight review, or recency of flight experience requirements of this part.

(2) Authorized instructor means :

(i) A person who holds a valid ground instructor license issued under Part 61 of the ECARs when conducting ground training in accordance with the privileges and limitations of his or her ground instructor license;

(ii) A person who holds a current flight instructor license issued under Part 61 of the ECARs when conducting ground training or flight training in accordance with the privileges and limitations of his or her flight instructor license; or

(iii) A person authorized by the ECAA to provide ground training or flight training under Part 61, 121, or 142 of the ECARs when conducting ground training or flight training in accordance with that authority.

(3) Cross-country time means :

(i) Except as provided in paragraphs (b)(3)(ii) through (b)(3)(v) of this section, time acquired during flight:

(A) Conducted by a person who holds a pilot license;

(B) Conducted in an aircraft;

(D) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilot age, electronic navigation aids, radio aids, or other navigation systems to navigate to the landing point.

(ii) For the purpose of meeting the aeronautical experience requirements (except for a rotorcraft category rating), for a private pilot license, a commercial pilot license, or an instrument rating, time acquired during a flight:

(A) Conducted in an appropriate aircraft;

(B) That includes a point of landing that was at least a straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(C) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilot age, electronic navigation aids, radio aids, or other navigation systems to navigate to the landing point.

(iii) For the purpose of meeting the aeronautical experience requirements for any pilot license with a rotorcraft category rating or an instrument-helicopter rating, time acquired during a flight :

(A) Conducted in an appropriate aircraft;

(B) That includes a point of landing that was at least a straight-line distance of more than 25 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(C) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilot age, electronic navigation aids, radio aids, or other navigation systems to navigate to the landing point.

(iv) For the purpose of meeting the aeronautical experience requirements for an airline transport pilot license (except with a rotorcraft category rating), time acquired during a flight :

(A) Conducted in an appropriate aircraft;

(B) That is at least a straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(C) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilot age, electronic navigation aids, radio aids, or other navigation systems.

(v) For a military pilot who qualifies for a commercial pilot license (except with a rotorcraft category rating) under 61.73 of this part, time acquired during a flight:

(A) Conducted in an appropriate aircraft;

(B) That is at least a straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(C) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilot age, electronic navigation aids, radio aids, or other navigation systems.

(4) Examiner means any person who is authorized by the ECAA to conduct a pilot proficiency test or a practical test in accordance with the ECAA Examination Standards Handbook for an airman license or rating issued under this part, or a person who is authorized to conduct a knowledge test under this part.

(5) Flight simulator means a device that;

(i) Is a full-size aircraft cockpit replica of a specific type of aircraft, or make, model, and series of aircraft;

(ii) Includes the hardware and software necessary to represent the aircraft in ground operations and flight operations;

(iii) Uses a force cueing system that provides cues at least equivalent to those cues provided by a 3 degree freedom of motion system;

(iv) Uses a visual system that provides at least a 45 degree horizontal field of view and a 30 degree vertical field of view simultaneously for each pilot; and

(v) Has been evaluated, qualified, and approved by the ECAA or by the civil aviation authority of a contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation in a manner accepted by the ECAA.

(6) Flight training means that training, other than ground training, received from an authorized instructor in flight in an aircraft.

(7) Flight training device means a device that:

(i) Is a full-size replica of the instruments, equipment, panels, and controls of an aircraft, or set of aircraft, in an open flight deck area or in an enclosed cockpit, including the hardware and software for the systems installed, that is necessary to simulate the aircraft in ground and flight operations;

(ii) Need not have a force (motion) cueing or visual system; and

(iii) Has been evaluated, qualified, and approved by the ECAA or by the civil aviation authority of a contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation in a manner accepted by the ECAA.

(8) Ground training means that training, other than flight training, received from an authorized instructor.

(9) Instrument approach means an approach procedure as defined in Annex 4 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation.

(10) Instrument training means that time in which instrument training is received from an authorized instructor under actual or simulated instrument conditions.

(11) Knowledge test means a test on the aeronautical knowledge areas required for an airman license or rating that can be administered in written form or by a computer.

(12) Pilot time means that time in which a person:

(i) Serves as a required pilot flight crewmember;

(ii) Receives training from an authorized instructor in an aircraft, flight simulator, or flight training device; or

(iii) Gives training as an authorized instructor in an aircraft, flight simulator, or flight training device.

(13) Practical test means a test on the areas of operations for an airman license, rating, or authorization that is conducted by having the applicant respond to questions and demonstrate maneuvers in flight, in a flight simulator, or in a flight training device.

(14) Set of aircraft means aircraft that share similar performance characteristics, such as similar airspeed and altitude operating envelopes, similar handling characteristics, and the same number and type of propulsion systems.

(15) Training time means training received:

(i) In flight from an authorized instructor;

(ii) On the ground from an authorized instructor; or

(iii) In a flight simulator or flight training device from an authorized instructor.

61.3 Requirement for licenses, ratings, and authorizations.

(a) Pilot license. A person may not act as pilot in command or in any other capacity as a required pilot flight crewmember of a civil aircraft of A.R.E registry, unless that person

(1) Has a valid pilot license or special purpose pilot authorization issued under this part in that person's physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of that pilot license or authorization., and

(2) Has a photo identification that is in that person's physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of that pilot license or authorization. The photo identification must be a:

(i) Government identification card issued by the Egyptian government;

(ii) A.R.E Armed Forces' identification card;

(iii) Official passport; or

(iv) Other form of identification that the ECAA finds acceptable.

(b) Required pilot license for operating a foreign-registered aircraft. A person may not act as pilot in command or in any other capacity as a required pilot flight crewmember of a civil aircraft of foreign registry within Egypt, unless that person's pilot license:

(1) Is valid and in that person's physical possession, or readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of that pilot certificate; and

(2) Has been issued under this part, or has been issued or validated by the country in which the aircraft is registered.

(1) Except as provided for in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, a person may not act as pilot in command or in any other capacity as a required pilot flight crewmember of an aircraft, under a license issued to that person under this part, unless that person has a current and appropriate medical certificate that has been issued under part 67 of the ECARs.

(2) A person is not required to meet the requirements of paragraph (c)(1) of this section if that person:

(i) Is exercising the privileges of a flight instructor license, provided the person is not acting as pilot in command or as a required pilot flight crewmember;

(ii) Is exercising the privileges of a ground instructor license;

(d) Flight instructor license.

(1) A person who holds a flight instructor license issued under this part must have that license, or other documentation acceptable to the ECAA, in that person's physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of that flight instructor license.

(2) Except as provided in paragraph (d)(3) of this section, no person other than the holder of a flight instructor license issued under this part with the appropriate rating on that license may:

(i) Give training required to qualify a person for solo flight and solo cross-country flight;

(ii) Endorse an applicant for a:

(A) Pilot license or rating issued under this part;

(B) Flight instructor license or rating issued under this part; or

(i) Endorse a pilot logbook to show training given; or

(ii) Endorse a student pilot license and logbook for solo operating privileges.

(3) A flight instructor license issued under this part is not necessary:

(i) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this section, if the training is given by a person who is qualified in accordance with subpart C of part 142 of the ECARs, provided the training is conducted in accordance with an approved part 142 training program;

(ii) Under paragraphs (d)(2)(i), (d)(2)(ii)(C), and (d)(2)(iii) of this section, if the training is given by the holder of a ground instructor license in accordance with the privileges of the license;

(e) Instrument rating. No person may act as pilot in command of a civil aircraft under IFR or in weather conditions less than the minimums prescribed for VFR flight unless that person holds:

(1) The appropriate aircraft category, class, type (if required), and instrument rating on that person's pilot license for any airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift being flown;

(2) An airline transport pilot license with the appropriate aircraft category, class, and type rating (if required) for the aircraft being flown;

(f) Category II pilot authorization. Except for a pilot conducting Category II operations under part 121, a person may not:

(1) Act as pilot in command of a civil aircraft during Category II operations unless that person:

(i) Holds a current Category II pilot authorization for that category or class of aircraft, and the type of aircraft, if applicable; or

(ii) In the case of a civil aircraft of foreign registry, is authorized by the country of registry to act as pilot in command of that aircraft in Category II operations.

(2) Act as second in command of a civil aircraft during Category II operations unless that person:

(i) Holds a valid pilot license with category and class ratings for that aircraft and a current instrument rating for that category aircraft;

(ii) Holds an airline transport pilot license with category and class ratings for that aircraft; or

(iii) In the case of a civil aircraft of foreign registry, is authorized by the country of registry to act as second in command of that aircraft during Category II operations.

(g) Category III pilot authorization. Except for a pilot conducting Category III operations under part 121, a person may not:

(1) Act as pilot in command of a civil aircraft during Category III operations unless that person:

(i) Holds a current Category III pilot authorization for that category or class of aircraft, and the type of aircraft, if applicable; or

(ii) In the case of a civil aircraft of foreign registry, is authorized by the country of registry to act as pilot in command of that aircraft in Category III operations.

(2) Act as second in command of a civil aircraft during Category III operations unless that person:

(i) Holds a valid pilot license with category and class ratings for that aircraft and a current instrument rating for that category aircraft;

(ii) Holds an airline transport pilot license with category and class ratings for that aircraft; or

(iii) In the case of a civil aircraft of foreign registry, is authorized by the country of registry to act as second in command of that aircraft during Category III operations.

(h) Category A aircraft pilot authorization. The ECAA may issue a certificate of authorization for a Category II or Category III operation to the pilot of a small aircraft that is a Category A aircraft, if:

(1) The ECAA determines that the Category II or Category III operation can be performed safely by that pilot under the terms of the certificate of authorization; and

(2) The Category II or Category III operation does not involve the carriage of persons or property for compensation or hire.

(i) Ground instructor license.

(1) Each person who holds a ground instructor license issued under this part must have that license in that person's physical possession or immediately accessible when exercising the privileges of that license.

(2) Except as provided in paragraph (i)(3) of this section, no person other than the holder of a ground instructor license, issued under this part, with the appropriate rating on that license may:

(i) Give ground training required to qualify a person for solo flight and solo cross-country flight;

(ii) Endorse an applicant for a knowledge test required for a pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor license or rating issued under this part; or

(iii) Endorse a pilot logbook to show ground training given.

(3) A ground instructor license issued under this part is not necessary:

(i) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this section, if the training is given by the holder of a flight instructor license issued under this part in accordance with the privileges of that license;

(ii) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this section, if the training is given by a person who is qualified in accordance with subpart C of part 142 of this chapter, provided the training is conducted in accordance with an approved part 142 training program;

(iii) Under paragraph (i)(2)(iii) of this section, if the training is given by an authorized flight instructor under section 61.41 of this part.

(j)Age limitation for certain operations:

Definitions.

*“International air service,” as used in paragraph (j) of this section, means scheduled air service performed in airplanes for the public transport of passengers, mail, or cargo, in which the service passes through the airspace over the territory of more than one country.

*“International air transportation,” as used in paragraph (j) of this section, means air transportation performed in airplanes for the public transport of passengers, mail, or cargo, in which the service passes through the airspace over the territory of more than one country.

(1) The ECAA may allow a person who has reached his or her 60th birthday, but has not reached his or her 65th birthday, to act as a flight crewmember on any aircraft engaged in international commercial Air Transport operations, under the following conditions:

(i) Such person serve as a member of a multi-pilot crew; and shall be the only pilot who has reached his or her 60^th birthday; and

(ii) Such person shall meets all requirements to act in that capacity, including meeting the requirements of class I medical assessment not less than once every six calendar months before reaching his or her 63^rd birthday, and once every three months after reaching his or her 63^rd birthday as specified in ECAR Part 67.9(d),(e).

(iii) Such person shall not be allowed to exceed a maximum 75% of required accumulative flying hours during any 30 consecutive day mentioned in ECAR Part 121.515(b) subpart Q.

(2) No Egyptian operator can hire any person to serve as a pilot over 60th years age, unless authorization is issued by the ECAA to such operator for each person once after reaching his or her 60th birthday and once when reaching his or her 63rd birthday.

(3) The ECAA may allow a person to serve as flight instructor, check airman or designated pilot examiner on simulator and / or aircraft with a maximum take off weight more than 5700 KG before reached his or her 65^th birthday and;

(4) No person may serve as a pilot on any aircraft operated in international air transportation by any foreign air carrier within or through any Egyptian airspace, if that person has reached his or her 65th birthday; and

(5) The ECAA may allow a person who has reached his or her 60th birthday, but has not reached his or her 65th birthday, to act in non-revenue operation only as: a private pilot, flight instructor for aircraft with maximum take off weight equal to or less than 5700 kg, if that person otherwise meets all the requirements to act in that capacity, including passing a medical assessment not less than once every six calendar menthes before reached his or her 63rd birthday, and once every three months after reached his or her 63rd birthday.; and

(6) The ECAA may allow a person who has reached his or her 60^th birthday, but has not reached his or her 65^th birthday, to act as a pilot on any aircraft engaged in sight seeing, agricultural operations or banner towing operations for compensation or hire in domestic flights only.

(k) Special purpose pilot authorization. Any person that is required to hold a special purpose pilot authorization, issued in accordance with section 61.77 of this part, must have that authorization and the person's foreign pilot license in that person's physical possession or have it readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of that authorization.

(l) Inspection of license. Each person who holds an airman license, medical certificate, authorization, or license required by this part must present it and their photo identification as described in paragraph (a)(2) of this section for inspection upon a request from:

(1) The ECAA;

(2) An authorized representative of the MCA Central Administration for Aviation Accidents; or

(3) Any Governmental Officer.

61.4 Qualification and approval of flight simulators and flight training devices.

(a) Except as specified in paragraph (b) or (c) of this section, each flight simulator and flight training device used for training, and for which an airman is to receive credit to satisfy any training, testing, or checking requirement under the ECARs, must be qualified and approved by the ECAA for:

(1) The training, testing, and checking for which it is used;

(2) Each particular maneuver, procedure, or crewmember function performed; and

(3) The representation of the specific category and class of aircraft, type of aircraft, particular variation within the type of aircraft, or set of aircraft for certain flight training devices.

(b) Any device used for flight training, testing, or checking that has been determined to be acceptable to or approved by the ECAA prior to April 1, 2006, which can be shown to function as originally designed, is considered to be a flight training device, provided it is used for the same purposes for which it was originally accepted or approved and only to the extent of such acceptance or approval.

61.5 Licenses and ratings issued under this part.

(a) The following licenses are issued under this part to an applicant who satisfactorily accomplishes the training and licensing requirements for the license sought:

(1) Pilot licenses:

(i) Student pilot.

(ii) Private pilot.

(iii) Commercial pilot.

(iv) Airline transport pilot.

(2) Flight instructor license.

(3) Ground instructor license.

(b) The following ratings are placed on a pilot license (other than student pilot) when an applicant satisfactorily accomplishes the training and licensing requirements for the rating sought:

(1) Aircraft category ratings:

(i) Airplane.

(ii) Rotorcraft.

(iii) Powered-lift.

(2) Airplane class ratings:

(i) Single-engine land.

(ii) Multiengine land.

(iii) Single-engine sea.

(iv) Multiengine sea.

(3) Rotorcraft class ratings:

(i) Helicopter.

(ii) Gyroplane.

(4) Aircraft type ratings:

(i) Large aircraft .

(ii) Turbojet-powered airplanes.

(iii) Other aircraft type ratings specified by the ECAA through the aircraft type certification procedures.

(iv) Second-in-command pilot type rating for aircraft that is certificated for operations with a minimum crew of at least two pilots.

(5) Instrument ratings (on private and commercial pilot licenses only):

(i) Instrument—Airplane.

(ii) Instrument—Helicopter.

(iii) Instrument—Powered-lift.

(c) The following ratings are placed on a flight instructor license when an applicant satisfactorily accomplishes the training and certification requirements for the rating sought:

(1) Aircraft category ratings:

(i) Airplane.

(ii) Rotorcraft.

(iii) Powered-lift.

(2) Airplane class ratings:

(i) Single-engine.

(ii) Multiengine.

(3) Rotorcraft class ratings:

(i) Helicopter.

(ii) Gyroplane.

(4) Instrument ratings:

(i) Instrument—Airplane.

(ii) Instrument—Helicopter.

(iii) Instrument—Powered-lift.

(d) The following ratings are placed on a ground instructor license when an applicant satisfactorily accomplishes the training and licensing requirements for the rating sought:

(1) Basic.

(2) Advanced.

(3) Instrument.

61.7 Obsolete licenses and ratings.

Except for instructors authorized under part 121 of the ECARs the holder of a pilot license that bears a trainer rating may not exercise the privileges of that rating after 01 January 2008.

61.11 Expired pilot licenses and resistance.

(a) No person who holds an expired pilot license or rating may:

(1) Exercise the privileges of that pilot license or rating; or

(2) Act as pilot in command or as a required pilot flight crewmember of an aircraft of the same category and class specified on the expired pilot license or rating.

(b) A pilot license issued on the basis of a foreign pilot license will expire on the date the foreign license expires unless otherwise specified on the A.R.E. pilot license. A license without an expiration date is issued to the holder of the expired license only if that person meets the requirements of section 61.75 for the issuance of a pilot license based on a foreign pilot license.

61.13 Issuance of airman licenses, ratings, and authorizations.

(a) Application.

(1) An applicant for an airman license, rating, or authorization under this part must make that application on a form and in a manner acceptable to the ECAA.

(2) An applicant who is neither a citizen of the Arab Republic of Egypt nor a resident alien of the Arab Republic of Egypt may be refused issuance of any A.R.E. airman licenses, rating, or authorization by the ECAA.

(3) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this section an applicant who satisfactorily accomplishes the training and certification requirements for the license, rating, or authorization sought is entitled to receive that airman license, rating, or authorization.

(b) Limitations.

(1) An applicant who cannot comply with certain areas of operation required on the practical test because of physical limitations may be issued an airman license, rating, or authorization with the appropriate limitation placed on the applicant's airman license provided the:

(i) Applicant is able to meet all other certification requirements for the airman license, rating, or authorization sought;

(ii) Physical limitation has been recorded with the ECAA on the applicant's medical records; and

(iii) ECAA determines that the applicant's inability to perform the particular area of operation will not adversely affect safety.

(2) A limitation placed on a person's airman license may be removed, provided that person demonstrates for an examiner satisfactory proficiency in the area of operation appropriate to the airman license, rating, or authorization sought.

(1) A Category II or Category III pilot authorization is issued by a letter of authorization as part of an applicant's instrument rating or airline transport pilot license.

(2) Upon original issue, the authorization contains the following limitations:

(i) For Category II operations, the limitation is 1,600 feet RVR and a 150-foot decision height; and

(ii) For Category III operations, each initial limitation is specified in the authorization document.

(3) The limitations on a Category II or Category III pilot authorization may be removed as follows:

(i) In the case of Category II limitations, a limitation is removed when the holder shows that, since the beginning of the sixth preceding month, the holder has made three Category II ILS approaches with a 150-foot decision height to a landing under actual or simulated instrument conditions.

(ii) In the case of Category III limitations, a limitation is removed as specified in the authorization.

(4) To meet the experience requirements of paragraph (c)(3) of this section, and for the practical test required by this part for a Category II or a Category III pilot authorization, a flight simulator or flight training device may be used if it is approved by the ECAA for such use.

(d) Application during suspension or revocation.

(1) Unless otherwise authorized by the ECAA, a person whose pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor license has been suspended may not apply for any license, rating, or authorization during the period of suspension.

(2) Unless otherwise authorized by the ECAA, a person whose pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor license has been revoked may not apply for any license, rating, or authorization for 1 year after the date of revocation.

61.14 Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test.

(a) This section applies to an employee who performs a function listed in appendix I to part 121 or appendix J to part 121 of the ECARs directly or by contract for a part 121 air carrier.

(b) Refusal by the holder of a license issued under this part to take a drug test required under the provisions of appendix I to part 121 or an alcohol test required under the provisions of appendix J to part 121 is grounds for:

(1) Denial of an application for any license, rating, or authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of such refusal; and

(2) Suspension or revocation of any license, rating, or authorization issued under this part.

61.15 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.

(a) A conviction for the violation of any Governmental statute relating to the growing, processing, manufacture, sale, disposition, possession, transportation, or importation of narcotic drugs, marijuana, or depressant or stimulant drugs or substances is grounds for:

(1) Denial of an application for any license, rating, or authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of final conviction; or

(2) Suspension or revocation of any license, rating, or authorization issued under this part.

(b) Committing an act prohibited by parts of the ECARs is grounds for:

(1) Denial of an application for a license, rating, or authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of that act; or

(2) Suspension or revocation of any license, rating, or authorization issued under this part.

(1) The violation of any Governmental statute relating to the operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by alcohol or a drug, while impaired by alcohol or a drug, or while under the influence of alcohol or a drug;

(2) The cancellation, suspension, or revocation of a license to operate a motor vehicle for a cause related to the operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by alcohol or a drug, while impaired by alcohol or a drug, or while under the influence of alcohol or a drug; or

(3) The denial of an application for a license to operate a motor vehicle for a cause related to the operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by alcohol or a drug, while impaired by alcohol or a drug, or while under the influence of alcohol or a drug.

(d) Except for a motor vehicle action that results from the same incident or arises out of the same factual circumstances, a motor vehicle action occurring within 3 years of a previous motor vehicle action is grounds for:

(1) Denial of an application for any license, rating, or authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of the last motor vehicle action; or

(2) Suspension or revocation of any license, rating, or authorization issued under this part.

(e) Each person holding a license issued under this part shall provide a written report of each motor vehicle action to the ECAA, Civil Aviation Security Division, Airport Road Ministry of Civil Aviation Complex, Cairo, Egypt, not later than 60 days after the motor vehicle action. The report must include:

(1) The person's name, address, date of birth, and airman license number;

(2) The type of violation that resulted in the conviction or the administrative action;

(3) The date of the conviction or administrative action;

(4) The Governmental Authority that holds the record of conviction or administrative action; and

(5) A statement of whether the motor vehicle action resulted from the same incident or arose out of the same factual circumstances related to a previously reported motor vehicle action.

(f) Failure to comply with paragraph (e) of this section is grounds for:

(1) Denial of an application for any license, rating, or authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of the motor vehicle action; or

(2) Suspension or revocation of any license, rating, or authorization issued under this part.

61.16 Refusal to submit to an alcohol test or to furnish test results.

A refusal to submit to a test to indicate the percentage by weight of alcohol in the blood, when requested by a law enforcement officer in accordance with section 91.17(c) of the ECARs, or a refusal to furnish or authorize the release of the test results requested by the ECAA in accordance with section 91.17(c) or (d) of the ECARs, is grounds for:

(a) Denial of an application for any license, rating, or authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of that refusal; or

(b) Suspension or revocation of any license, rating, or authorization issued under this part.

61.17 Reserved .

61.18 Security disqualification.

(a) Eligibility standard. No person is eligible to hold a license, rating, or authorization issued under this part when the Department of National Security (DNS) has notified the ECAA in writing that the person poses a security threat.

(b) Effect of the issuance by the DNS of a Notification of Security Threat.

(1) The ECAA will suspend any person’s license, rating, or authorization issued under this part if the DNS notifies the ECAA of a security threat investigation involving that person.

(2) The ECAA will revoke any license, rating, or authorization issued under this part if the person under investigation is determined to pose a security threat.

61.19 Duration of pilot and instructor licenses.

(a) General. The holder of a license with an expiration date may not, after that date, exercise the privileges of that license.

(b) Student pilot license. A student pilot license expires 24 calendar months from the month in which it is issued.

(c) The holder of a pilot license issued on the basis of a foreign pilot license may exercise the privileges of that license only while that person's foreign pilot license is effective.

(d) Flight instructor license. A flight instructor license:

is effective only while the holder has a current pilot license .

(e) Ground instructor license. A ground instructor license issued under this part is issued without a specific expiration date.

(f) Surrender, suspension, or revocation. Any license issued under this part ceases to be effective if it is surrendered, suspended, or revoked.

(g) Return of licenses. The holder of any license issued under this part that has been suspended or revoked must return that license to the ECAA when requested to do so by the ECAA.

61.21 Duration of a Category II and a Category III pilot authorization (for other than part 121 use).

(a) A Category II pilot authorization or a Category III pilot authorization expires at the end of the sixth calendar month after the month in which it was issued or renewed.

(b) Upon passing a practical test for a Category II or Category III pilot authorization, the authorization may be renewed for each type of aircraft for which the authorization is held.

(c) A Category II or Category III pilot authorization for a specific type aircraft for which an authorization is held will not be renewed beyond 12 calendar months from the month the practical test was accomplished in that type aircraft.

(d) If the holder of a Category II or Category III pilot authorization passes the practical test for a renewal in the month before the authorization expires, the holder is considered to have passed it during the month the authorization expired.

Note: cat II and cat III authorizations are obtained according to the requirements of EAC 91-11 and EAC 91-12.

61.23 Medical certificates: Requirement and duration.

(a) Operations requiring a medical certificate. Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, a person:

(1) Must hold a first-class medical certificate:

(i) when exercising the privileges of an airline transport pilot license;

(ii) when exercising the privileges of a commercial pilot license; or

(2) Must hold at least a second-class medical certificate:

(i) When exercising the privileges of a student pilot license;

(ii) When exercising the privileges of a private pilot license;

(3) when exercising the privileges of a flight instructor license the person must hold the medical assessment appropriate to the privileges of the pilot license required.

(4) Instrument rating applicants holding a private pilot license shall establish their hearing acuity on the basis of compliance with the hearing requirements for the issue of a first-class medical certificate.

(b) Operations not requiring a medical certificate. A person is not required to hold a valid medical certificate:

(1) When exercising the privileges of a ground instructor license;

(2) When serving as an examiner or check airman during the administration of a test or check for a license, rating, or authorization conducted in a flight simulator or flight training device; or

(3) When taking a test or check for a license, rating, or authorization conducted in a flight simulator or flight training device.

Ref. to ECAR Part 67.9

61.25 Change of name.

(a) An application to change the name on a license issued under this part must be accompanied by the applicant's:

(1) Current airman license; and

(2) A copy of the marriage certificate, court order, or other document verifying the name change.

(b) The documents in paragraph (a) of this section will be returned to the applicant after inspection.

61.26 language proficiency.

(a) Airplane and helicopter pilots who are required to use the radio telephone aboard an aircraft shall demonstrate the ability to speak and understand the language normally used by the station on the ground or English

(b) From 5 March 2008, Airplane and helicopter pilots, shall demonstrate the ability to speak and understand the language used for radiotelephony communications to the level specified in the language proficiency requirements in (EAC00_21). The language proficiency required must be at least Operational Level (level 4) of the ICAO Language Proficiency Rating (EAC 00_21)

(c) From 5 March 2008, the language proficiency of Airplane and helicopter pilots who demonstrate proficiency below the Expert Level (Level 6) as specified in the language proficiency requirements in (EAC00_21) shall be formally evaluated by the ECAA or an organization approved by the ECAA at intervals in accordance with an individual's demonstrated proficiency level as follows:

i) those demonstrating language proficiency at the Operational Level (Level 4) should be evaluated at least once every three years; and

ii) those demonstrating language proficiency at the Extended Level (Level 5) should be evaluated at least once every six years.

(d) From 5 March 2008, existing licenses shall have a Language Proficiency endorsement .

61.27 Voluntary surrender or exchange of license.

(a) The holder of a license issued under this part may voluntarily surrender it for:

(1) Cancellation;

(2) Issuance of a lower grade license; or

(3) Another license with specific ratings deleted.

(b) Any request made under paragraph (a) of this section must include the following signed statement or its equivalent: “This request is made for my own reasons, with full knowledge that my (insert name of certificate or rating, as appropriate) may not be reissued to me unless I again pass the tests prescribed for its issuance.”

61.29 Replacement of a lost or destroyed airman license or medical certificate or knowledge test report.

(a) A request for the replacement of a lost or destroyed airman license issued under this part must be made by letter to the Ministry of Civil Aviation, ECAA, Airmen Licensing Branch, Ministry of civil aviation complex Airport Road, Cairo, Egypt, and must be accompanied by a check or money order for the appropriate fee payable to the ECAA.

(b) A request for the replacement of a lost or destroyed medical certificate must be made by letter to the Ministry of Civil Aviation, ECAA, Aero medical Certification Branch, Ministry of civil aviation complex Airport Road, Cairo, Egypt,, and must be accompanied by a check or money order for the appropriate fee payable to the ECAA.

(c) A request for the replacement of a lost or destroyed knowledge test report must be made by letter to the Ministry of Civil Aviation, ECAA, Airman Licensing Branch, Ministry of civil aviation complex Airport Road, Cairo, Egypt, and must be accompanied by a check or money order for the appropriate fee payable to the ECAA.

(d) The letter requesting replacement of a lost or destroyed airman license, medical certificate, or knowledge test report must state:

(1) The name of the person;

(2) The permanent mailing address (including ZIP code), or if the permanent mailing address includes a post office box number, then the person's current residential address;

(3) The national ID number;

(4) The date and place of birth of the license or certificate holder; and

(5) Any available information regarding the:

(i) Grade, number, and date of issuance of the license, certificate, and the ratings, if applicable;

(ii) Date of the medical examination, if applicable; and

(iii) Date the knowledge test was taken, if applicable.

61.31 Type rating requirements, additional training, and authorization requirements.

(a) Type ratings required. A person who acts as a pilot in command of any of the following aircraft must hold a type rating for that aircraft:

(1) Large aircraft .

(2) Turbojet-powered airplanes.

(3) Other aircraft specified by the ECAA through aircraft type certificate procedures.

(b) Aircraft category, class, and type ratings: Limitations on the carriage of persons, or operating for compensation or hire. Unless a person holds a category, class, and type rating (if a class and type rating is required) that applies to the aircraft, that person may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying another person, or is operated for compensation or hire. That person also may not act as pilot in command of that aircraft for compensation or hire.

(c) Aircraft category, class, and type ratings: Limitations on operating an aircraft as the pilot in command. To serve as the pilot in command of an aircraft, a person must:

(1) Hold the appropriate category, class, and type rating (if a class rating and type rating are required) for the aircraft to be flown;

(2) Be receiving training for the purpose of obtaining an additional pilot license and rating that are appropriate to that aircraft, and be under the supervision of an authorized instructor; or

(3) Have received training required by this part that is appropriate to the aircraft category, class, and type rating (if a class or type rating is required) for the aircraft to be flown, and have received the required endorsements from an instructor who is authorized to provide the required endorsements for solo flight in that aircraft.

(d) Additional training required for operating complex airplanes.

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (e)(2) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of a complex airplane (an airplane that has a retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller; or, in the case of a seaplane, flaps and a controllable pitch propeller), unless the person has:

(i) Received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in a complex airplane, or in a flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a complex airplane, and has been found proficient in the operation and systems of the airplane; and

(ii) Received a one-time endorsement in the pilot's logbook from an authorized instructor who certifies the person is proficient to operate a complex airplane.

(2) The training and endorsement required by paragraph (e)(1) of this section is not required if the person has logged flight time as pilot in command of a complex airplane, or in a flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a complex airplane prior to January 1,2006.

(e) Additional training required for operating high-performance airplanes.

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (f)(2) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of a high-performance airplane (an airplane with an engine of more than 200 horsepower), unless the person has:

(i) Received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in a high-performance airplane, or in a flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a high-performance airplane, and has been found proficient in the operation and systems of the airplane; and

(ii) Received a one-time endorsement in the pilot's logbook from an authorized instructor who certifies the person is proficient to operate a high-performance airplane.

(2) The training and endorsement required by paragraph (f)(1) of this section is not required if the person has logged flight time as pilot in command of a high-performance airplane, or in a flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a high-performance airplane prior to January 1,2006.

(f) Additional training required for operating pressurized aircraft capable of operating at high altitudes.

(1) no person may act as pilot in command of a pressurized aircraft (an aircraft that has a service ceiling or maximum operating altitude, whichever is lower, above 25,000 feet MSL), unless that person has received and logged ground training from an authorized instructor and obtained an endorsement in the person's logbook or training record from an authorized instructor who certifies the person has satisfactorily accomplished the ground training. The ground training must include at least the following subjects:

(i) High-altitude aerodynamics and meteorology;

(ii) Respiration;

(iii) Effects, symptoms, and causes of hypoxia and any other high-altitude sickness;

(iv) Duration of consciousness without supplemental oxygen;

(v) Effects of prolonged usage of supplemental oxygen;

(vi) Causes and effects of gas expansion and gas bubble formation;

(vii) Preventive measures for eliminating gas expansion, gas bubble formation, and high-altitude sickness;

(viii) Physical phenomena and incidents of decompression; and

(ix) Any other physiological aspects of high-altitude flight.

(2) no person may act as pilot in command of a pressurized aircraft unless that person has received and logged training from an authorized instructor in a pressurized aircraft, or in a flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a pressurized aircraft, and obtained an endorsement in the person's logbook or training record from an authorized instructor who found the person proficient in the operation of a pressurized aircraft. The flight training must include at least the following subjects:

(i) Normal cruise flight operations while operating above 25,000 feet MSL;

(ii) Proper emergency procedures for simulated rapid decompression without actually depressurizing the aircraft; and

(iii) Emergency descent procedures.

(g) Additional aircraft type-specific training. No person may serve as pilot in command of an aircraft that the ECAA has determined requires aircraft type-specific training unless that person has:

(1) Received and logged type-specific training in the aircraft, or in a flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of that type of aircraft; and

(2) Received a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who has found the person proficient in the operation of the aircraft and its systems.

(h) Additional training required for operating tail wheel airplanes.

no person may act as pilot in command of a tail wheel airplane unless that person has received and logged flight training from an authorized instructor in a tail wheel airplane and received an endorsement in the person's logbook from an authorized instructor who found the person proficient in the operation of a tail wheel airplane. The flight training must include at least the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings;

(2) Wheel landings (unless the manufacturer has recommended against such landings); and

(3) Go-around procedures.

(i) Exceptions.

(1) This section does not require a category and class rating for aircraft not type-certificated as airplanes, rotorcraft, or powered-lifts, weight-shift-control aircraft.

(2) The rating limitations of this section do not apply to:

(i) An applicant when taking a practical test given by an examiner;

(ii) The holder of a student pilot license;

(iii) The holder of a pilot license when operating an aircraft under the authority of:

(A) A provisional type license; or

(B) An experimental license, unless the operation involves carrying a passenger;

61.33 Tests: General procedure.

Tests prescribed by or under this part are given at times and places, and by persons designated by the ECAA.

61.35 Knowledge test: Prerequisites and passing grades.

(a) An applicant for a knowledge test must have:

(1) Received an endorsement, if required by this part, from an authorized instructor certifying that the applicant accomplished the appropriate ground-training or a home study course required by this part for the license or rating sought and is prepared for the knowledge test; and

(2) Proper identification at the time of application that contains the applicant's:

(i) Photograph;

(ii) Signature;

(iii) Date of birth, which shows the applicant meets or will meet the age requirements of this part for the license sought before the expiration date of the airman knowledge test report; and

(iv) Actual residential address, if different from the applicant's mailing address.

(b) The ECAA shall specify the minimum passing grade for the knowledge test.

61.37 Knowledge tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct.

(a) An applicant for a knowledge test may not:

(1) Copy or intentionally remove any knowledge test;

(2) Give to another applicant or receive from another applicant any part or copy of a knowledge test;

(3) Give assistance on, or receive assistance on, a knowledge test during the period that test is being given;

(4) Take any part of a knowledge test on behalf of another person;

(5) Be represented by, or represent, another person for a knowledge test;

(6) Use any material or aid during the period that the test is being given, unless specifically authorized to do so by the ECAA; and

(7) Intentionally cause, assist, or participate in any act prohibited by this paragraph.

(b) An applicant who the ECAA finds has committed an act prohibited by paragraph (a) of this section is prohibited, for 1 year after the date of committing that act, from:

(1) Applying for any license, rating, or authorization issued under the ECARs; and

(2) Applying for and taking any test under the ECARs.

(c) Any license or rating held by an applicant may be suspended or revoked if the ECAA finds that person has committed an act prohibited by paragraph (a) of this section.

61.39 Prerequisites for practical tests.

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, to be eligible for a practical test for a license or rating issued under this part, an applicant must:

(1) Pass the required knowledge test within the 24-calendar-month period preceding the month the applicant completes the practical test, if a knowledge test is required;

(2) Present the knowledge test report at the time of application for the practical test, if a knowledge test is required;

(3) Have satisfactorily accomplished the required training and obtained the aeronautical experience prescribed by this part for the license or rating sought;

(4) Hold at least a appropriate class medical certificate, if a medical certificate is required;

(5) Meet the prescribed age requirement of this part for the issuance of the license or rating sought;

(6) Have an endorsement, if required by this part, in the applicant's logbook or training record that has been signed by an authorized instructor who certifies that the applicant:

(i) Has received and logged training time within 60 days preceding the date of application in preparation for the practical test;

(ii) Is prepared for the required practical test; and

(iii) Has demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject areas in which the applicant was deficient on the airman knowledge test; and

(7) Have a completed and signed application form.

(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section, an applicant for an airline transport pilot license or an additional rating to an airline transport license may take the practical test for that license or rating with an expired knowledge test report, provided that the applicant:

(1) Is employed as a flight crewmember by a certificate holder under part 121 of the ECARs at the time of the practical test and has satisfactorily accomplished that operator's approved:

(i) Pilot in command aircraft qualification training program that is appropriate to the license and rating sought; and

(ii) Qualification training requirements appropriate to the license and rating sought; or

(2) Is employed as a flight crewmember in scheduled A.R.E. military air transport operations at the time of the practical test, and has accomplished the pilot in command aircraft qualification training program that is appropriate to the license and rating sought.

(1) Holds a foreign-pilot license issued by a contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation that authorizes at least the pilot privileges of the airman license sought;

(2) Is applying for a type rating only, or a class rating with an associated type rating; or

(3) Is applying for an airline transport pilot license or an additional rating to an airline transport pilot license in an aircraft that does not require an aircraft type rating practical test.

(d) If all increments of the practical test for a license or rating are not completed on one date, all remaining increments of the test must be satisfactorily completed not more than 60 calendar days after the date on which the applicant began the test.

(e) If all increments of the practical test for a license or a rating are not satisfactorily completed within 60 calendar days after the date on which the applicant began the test, the applicant must retake the entire practical test, including those increments satisfactorily completed.

61.41 Flight training received from flight instructors not certificated by the ECAA.

(a) A person may credit flight training toward the requirements of a pilot license or rating issued under this part, if that person received the training from a flight instructor of an Egyptian Armed Force in a program for training military pilots of the Arab Republic of Egypt.

(b) A flight instructor described in paragraph (a) of this section is only authorized to give endorsements to show training given.

61.43 Practical tests: General procedures.

(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, the ability of an applicant for a license or rating issued under this part to perform the required tasks on the practical test is based on that applicant's ability to safely:

(1) Perform the tasks specified in the areas of operation for the license or rating sought within the approved standards;

(2) Demonstrate mastery of the aircraft with the successful outcome of each task performed never seriously in doubt;

(3) Demonstrate satisfactory proficiency and competency within the approved standards;

(4) Demonstrate sound judgment; and

(5) Demonstrate single-pilot competence if the aircraft is type certificated for single-pilot operations.

(b) If an applicant does not demonstrate single pilot proficiency, as required in paragraph (a)(5) of this section, a limitation of “Second in Command Required” will be placed on the applicant's airman license. The limitation may be removed if the applicant passes the appropriate practical test by demonstrating single-pilot competency in the aircraft in which single-pilot privileges are sought.

(d) An applicant is not eligible for a license or rating sought until all the areas of operation are passed.

(e) The examiner or the applicant may discontinue a practical test at any time:

(1) When the applicant fails one or more of the areas of operation; or

(2) Due to inclement weather conditions, aircraft airworthiness, or any other safety-of-flight concern.

(f) If a practical test is discontinued, the applicant is entitled credit for those areas of operation that were passed, but only if the applicant:

(1) Passes the remainder of the practical test within the 60-day period after the date the practical test was discontinued;

(2) Presents to the examiner for the retest the original notice of disapproval form or the letter of discontinuance form, as appropriate;

(3) Satisfactorily accomplishes any additional training needed and obtains the appropriate instructor endorsements, if additional training is required; and

(4) Presents to the examiner for the retest a properly completed and signed application.

61.45 Practical tests: Required aircraft and equipment.

(a) General. Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this section or when permitted to accomplish the entire flight increment of the practical test in a flight simulator or a flight training device, an applicant for a license or rating issued under this part must furnish:

(1) An aircraft of A.R.E. registry for each required test that:

(i) Is of the category, class, and type, if applicable, for which the applicant is applying for a license or rating; and

(ii) Has a current standard airworthiness certificate or special airworthiness certificate in the limited, or primary category.

(2) At the discretion of the examiner who administers the practical test, the applicant may furnish:

(i) An aircraft that has a current airworthiness certificate other than a standard airworthiness certificate or special airworthiness certificate in the limited, or primary category, but that otherwise meets the requirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this section;

(ii) An aircraft of the same category, class, and type, if applicable, of foreign registry that is properly certificated by the country of registry; or

(iii) A military aircraft of the same category, class, and type, if applicable, for which the applicant is applying for a license or rating.

(b) Required equipment (other than controls).

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, an aircraft used for a practical test must have:

(i) The equipment for each area of operation required for the practical test;

(ii) No prescribed operating limitations that prohibit its use in any of the areas of operation required for the practical test;

(iii) Except as provided in paragraphs (e) of this section, at least two pilot stations with adequate visibility for each person to operate the aircraft safely; and

(iv) Cockpit and outside visibility adequate to evaluate the performance of the applicant when an additional jump seat is provided for the examiner.

(2) An applicant for a license or rating may use an aircraft with operating characteristics that preclude the applicant from performing all of the tasks required for the practical test. However, the applicant's license or rating, as appropriate, will be issued with an appropriate limitation.

(c) Required controls. An aircraft used for a practical test must have engine power controls and flight controls that are easily reached and operable in a conventional manner by both pilots, unless the examiner determines that the practical test can be conducted safely in the aircraft without the controls being easily reached.

(d) Simulated instrument flight equipment. An applicant for a practical test that involves maneuvering an aircraft solely by reference to instruments must furnish:

(1) Equipment on board the aircraft that permits the applicant to pass the areas of operation that apply to the rating sought; and

(2) A device that prevents the applicant from having visual reference outside the aircraft, but does not prevent the examiner from having visual reference outside the aircraft, and is otherwise acceptable to the ECAA.

(e) Aircraft with single controls. A practical test may be conducted in an aircraft having a single set of controls, provided the:

(1) Examiner agrees to conduct the test;

(2) Test does not involve a demonstration of instrument skills; and

(3) Proficiency of the applicant can be observed by an examiner who is in a position to observe the applicant.

61.47 Status of an examiner who is authorized by the ECAA to conduct practical tests.

(a) An examiner represents the ECAA for the purpose of conducting practical tests for licenses and ratings issued under this part and to observe an applicant's ability to perform the areas of operation on the practical test.

(b) The examiner is not the pilot in command of the aircraft during the practical test unless the examiner agrees to act in that capacity for the flight or for a portion of the flight by prior arrangement with:

(1) The applicant; or

(2) A person who would otherwise act as pilot in command of the flight or for a portion of the flight.

(c) Notwithstanding the type of aircraft used during the practical test, the applicant and the examiner (and any other occupants authorized to be on board by the examiner) are not subject to the requirements or limitations for the carriage of passengers that are specified in this chapter.

61.49 Retesting after failure.

(a) An applicant for a knowledge or practical test who fails that test may reapply for the test only after the applicant has received:

(1) The necessary training from an authorized instructor who has determined that the applicant is proficient to pass the test; and

(2) An endorsement from an authorized instructor who gave the applicant the additional training.

(b) An applicant for a flight instructor license with an airplane category rating who has failed the practical test due to deficiencies in instructional proficiency on stall awareness, spin entry, spins, or spin recovery must:

(1) Comply with the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section before being retested;

(2) Bring an aircraft to the retest that is of the appropriate aircraft category for the rating sought and is certificated for spins; and

(3) Demonstrate satisfactory instructional proficiency on stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery to an examiner during the retest.

61.51 Pilot logbooks.

(a) Training time and aeronautical experience. Each person must document and record the following time in a manner acceptable to the ECAA:

(1) Training and aeronautical experience used to meet the requirements for a license, rating, or flight review of this part.

(2) The aeronautical experience required for meeting the recent flight experience requirements of this part.

(b) Logbook entries. For the purposes of meeting the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section, each person must enter the following information for each flight or lesson logged:

(1) General:

(i) Date.

(ii) Total flight time or lesson time.

(iii) Location where the aircraft departed and arrived, or for lessons in a flight simulator or flight training device, the location where the lesson occurred.

(iv) Type and identification of aircraft, flight simulator, or flight training device, as appropriate.

(v) The name of a safety pilot, if required by section 91.109(b) of the ECARs.

(2) Type of pilot experience or training:

(i) Solo.

(ii) Pilot in command.

(iii) Second in command.

(iv) Flight and ground training received from an authorized instructor.

(v) Training received in a flight simulator or flight training device from an authorized instructor.

(3) Conditions of flight:

(i) Day or night.

(ii) Actual instrument.

(iii) Simulated instrument conditions in flight, a flight simulator, or a flight training device.

(1) Apply for a license or rating issued under this part or a privilege authorized under this part; or

(2) Satisfy the recent flight experience requirements of this part.

(d) Logging of solo flight time A pilot may log as solo flight time only that flight time when the pilot is the sole occupant of the aircraft.

(e) Logging pilot-in-command flight time.

(1) A private, or commercial pilot may log pilot-in-command time only for that flight time during which that person:

(i) Is the sole manipulator of the controls of an aircraft for which the pilot is rated or has privileges;

(ii) Is the sole occupant of the aircraft; or

(iii) Is acting as pilot in command of an aircraft on which more than one pilot is required under the type certification of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is conducted.

(2) An airline transport pilot may log as pilot-in-command time all of the flight time while acting as pilot-in-command of an operation requiring an airline transport pilot license.

(3) An authorized instructor may log as pilot-in-command time all flight time while acting as an authorized instructor.

(4) A student pilot may log pilot-in-command time only when the student pilot:

( i ) Is the sole occupant of the aircraft.

( ii ) Has a current solo flight endorsement as required under section 61.87 of this part; and

(iii) Is undergoing training for a pilot license or rating.

(f) Logging second-in-command flight time. A person may log second-in-command time only for that flight time during which that person:

(1) Is qualified in accordance with the second-in-command requirements of section 61.55 of this part, and occupies a crewmember station in an aircraft that requires more than one pilot by the aircraft's type certificate; or

(2) Holds the appropriate category, class, and instrument rating (if an instrument rating is required for the flight) for the aircraft being flown, and more than one pilot is required under the type certification of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is being conducted.

(g) Logging instrument flight time.

(1) A person may log instrument time only for that flight time when the person operates the aircraft solely by reference to instruments under actual or simulated instrument flight conditions.

(2) An authorized instructor may log instrument time when conducting instrument flight instruction in actual instrument flight conditions.

(3) For the purposes of logging instrument time to meet the recent instrument experience requirements of section 61.57(c) of this part, the following information must be recorded in the person's logbook:

(i) The location and type of each instrument approach accomplished; and

(ii) The name of the safety pilot, if required.

(4) A flight simulator or approved flight training device may be used by a person to log instrument time, provided an authorized instructor is present during the simulated flight.

(h) Logging training time.

(1) A person may log training time when that person receives training from an authorized instructor in an aircraft, flight simulator, or flight training device.

(2) The training time must be logged in a logbook and must:

(i) Be endorsed in a legible manner by the authorized instructor; and

(ii) Include a description of the training given, the length of the training lesson, and the authorized instructor's signature, license number, and license expiration date.

(i) Presentation of required documents.

(1) Persons must present their pilot license, medical certificate, logbook, or any other record required by this part for inspection upon a reasonable request by:

(i) The ECAA;

(ii) An authorized representative from the MOCA Ministry of civil aviation (Central Administration for Aviation Accidents).

(2) A student pilot must carry the following items in the aircraft on all solo cross-country flights as evidence of the required authorized instructor clearances and endorsements:

(i) Pilot logbook;

(ii) Student pilot license; and

(iii) Any other record required by this section.

61.52 Use of aeronautical experience obtained in ultra light vehicles.

(a) A person may use aeronautical experience obtained in an ultra light vehicle to meet the requirements for a private pilot license with a weight-shift-control or powered parachute category rating issued under this part:

(b) A person may use aeronautical experience obtained in an ultra light vehicle to meet the provisions of section 61.69.

(c) A person using aeronautical experience obtained in an ultra light vehicle to meet the requirements for a license or rating specified in paragraph (a) of this section or the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section must:

(1) Have been a registered ultra light pilot with an ECAA-recognized ultra light organization when that aeronautical experience was obtained;

(2) Document and log that aeronautical experience in accordance with the provisions for logging aeronautical experience specified by an ECAA-recognized ultra light organization and in accordance with provisions for logging pilot time in aircraft as specified in section 61.51; and

(3) Obtain the experience in a category and class of vehicle corresponding to the rating or privileges sought.

61.53 Prohibition on operations during medical deficiency.

Operations that require a medical certificate. Except as provided for in paragraph (b) of this section, a person who holds a current medical certificate issued under part 67 of the ECARs shall not act as pilot in command, or in any other capacity as a required pilot flight crewmember, while that person:

(a) Knows or has reason to know of any medical condition that would make the person unable to meet the requirements for the medical certificate necessary for the pilot operation; or

(b) Is taking medication or receiving other treatment for a medical condition that results in the person being unable to meet the requirements for the medical certificate necessary for the pilot operation.

61.55 Second-in-command qualifications.

(a) A person may serve as a second-in-command of an aircraft type certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember or in operations requiring a second-in-command pilot flight crewmember only if that person holds:

(1) At least a current commercial pilot license with the appropriate category and class rating; and

(2) An instrument rating or privilege that applies to the aircraft being flown if the flight is under IFR; and

(3) The appropriate pilot type rating for the aircraft .

(b) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, no person may serve as a second-in-command of an aircraft type certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember or in operations requiring a second-in-command unless that person has within the previous 6 calendar months:

(1) Become familiar with the following information for the specific type aircraft for which second-in-command privileges are requested:

(i) Operational procedures applicable to the power plant, equipment, and systems.

(ii) Performance specifications and limitations.

(iii) Normal, abnormal, and emergency operating procedures.

(iv) Flight manual.

(v) Placards and markings.

(2) performed and logged pilot time in the type of aircraft or in a flight simulator that represents the type of aircraft for which second-in-command privileges are requested, which includes:

(i) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop as the sole manipulator of the flight controls;

(ii) Engine-out procedures and maneuvering with an engine out while executing the duties of pilot in command; and

(iii) Crew resource management training.

(c) If a person complies with the requirements in paragraph (b) of this section in the calendar month before or the calendar month after the month in which compliance with this section is required, then that person is considered to have accomplished the training and practice in the month it is due.

(d) A person may receive a second-in-command pilot type rating for an aircraft after satisfactorily completing the second-in-command familiarization training requirements under paragraph (b) of this section in that type of aircraft provided the training was completed within the 6 calendar months before the month of application for the SIC pilot type rating. The person must comply with the following application and pilot certification procedures:

(1) The person who provided the training must sign the applicant's logbook or training record after each lesson in accordance with section 61.51(h)(2) of this part. In lieu of the instructor, it is permissible for a qualified management official within the organization to sign the applicant's training records or logbook and make the required endorsement. The qualified management official must hold the position of Chief Pilot, ECAA of Training, ECAA of Operations, or another comparable management position within the organization that provided the training and must be in a position to verify the applicant's training records and that the training was given.

(2) The instructor or qualified management official must make an endorsement in the applicant's logbook that states “[Applicant's Name and Pilot License Number] has demonstrated the skill and knowledge required for the safe operation of the [Type of Aircraft], relevant to the duties and responsibilities of a second in command.”

(3) If the applicant's flight experience and/or training records are in an electronic form, the applicant must present a paper copy of those records containing the signature of the instructor or qualified management official to an ECAA Airmen Licensing Branch or Examiner.

(4) The applicant must complete and sign an Airman License and/or Rating Application, and present the application to an ECAA Airmen Licensing Branch or to an Examiner.

(5) The person who provided the ground and flight training to the applicant must sign the “Instructor's Recommendation” section of the Airman License and/or Rating Application. In lieu of the instructor, it is permissible for a qualified management official within the organization to sign the applicant's Airman License and/or Rating Application.

(6) The applicant must appear in person at a ECAA Airmen Licensing Office or to an Examiner with his or her logbook/training records and with the completed and signed Airman License and/or Rating Application.

(7) There is no practical test required for the issuance of the “SIC Privileges Only” pilot type rating.

(e) A person may receive a second-in-command pilot type rating for the type of aircraft after satisfactorily completing an approved second-in-command training program, proficiency check, or competency check under part 121, as appropriate, in that type of aircraft provided the training was completed within the 12 calendar months before the month of application for the SIC pilot type rating. The person must comply with the following application and pilot certification procedures:

(3) If the applicant's flight experience and/or training records are in an electronic form, the applicant must provide a paper copy of those records containing the signature of the trainer or qualified management official to an ECAA Airmen Licensing Branch, an Examiner, or an Aircrew Program Designee.

(4) The applicant must complete and sign an Airman License and/or Rating Application, and present the application to an ECAA Airmen Licensing Office or to an Examiner.

(5) The person who provided the ground and flight training to the applicant must sign the “Instructor's Recommendation” section of the Airman License and/or Rating Application, In lieu of the instructor; it is permissible for a qualified management official within the organization to sign the applicant's Airman License and/or Rating Application.

(6) The applicant must appear in person at an ECAA Airmen Licensing Office or to an Examiner . With his or her logbook/training records and with the completed and signed Airman License and/or Rating Application.

(7) There is no practical test required for the issuance of the “SIC Privileges Only” pilot type rating.

(f) The familiarization training requirements of paragraph (b) of this section do not apply to a person who is:

(1) Designated and qualified as pilot in command under part 121 of the ECARs in that specific type of aircraft;

(2) Designated as the second in command under part 121 of the ECARs in that specific type of aircraft;

(3) Designated as the second in command in that specific type of aircraft for the purpose of receiving flight training required by this section, and no passengers or cargo are carried on the aircraft; or

(4) Designated as a safety pilot for purposes required by section 91.109(b) of the ECARs.

(g) For the purpose of meeting the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section, a person may serve as second in command in that specific type aircraft provided:

(1) The flight is conducted under day VFR or day IFR; and

(2) No person or property is carried on board the aircraft, other than necessary for conduct of the flight.

(h) The training under paragraphs (b) and (d) of this section and the training, proficiency check, and competency check under paragraph (e) of this section may be accomplished in a flight simulator that is used in accordance with an approved training course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter part 121 of the ECARs.

(i) When an applicant for an initial second-in-command qualification for a particular type of aircraft receives all the training in a flight simulator, that applicant must satisfactorily complete one takeoff and one landing in an aircraft of the same type for which the qualification is sought. This requirement does not apply to an applicant who completes a proficiency check under part 121 for the particular type of aircraft.

61.56 Flight review.

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (e) of this section, a flight review consists of a minimum of 1 hour of flight training and 1 hour of ground training. The review must include:

(1) A review of the current general operating and flight rules of part 91 of the ECARs; and

(2) A review of those maneuvers and procedures that, at the discretion of the person giving the review, is necessary for the pilot to demonstrate the safe exercise of the privileges of the pilot license.

(b) Except as provided in paragraphs (c), (d), and (f) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft unless, since the beginning of the 24th calendar month before the month in which that pilot acts as pilot in command, that person has:

(1) Accomplished a flight review given in an aircraft for which that pilot is rated by an authorized instructor and

(2) A logbook endorsed from an authorized instructor who gave the review certifying that the person has satisfactorily completed the review.

(c) A person who has, within the period specified in paragraph (b) of this section, passed a pilot proficiency check conducted by an examiner, an approved pilot check airman, for a pilot license, rating, or operating privilege need not accomplish the flight review required by this section.

(d) A person who has, within the period specified in paragraph (b) of this section, satisfactorily accomplished one or more phases of an ECAA-sponsored pilot proficiency award program need not accomplish the flight review required by this section.

(e) A person who holds a current flight instructor license who has, within the period specified in paragraph (b) of this section, satisfactorily completed a renewal of a flight instructor license under the provisions in section 61.197 need not accomplish the 1 hour of ground training specified in paragraph (a) of this section.

(f) A student pilot need not accomplish the flight review required by this section provided the student pilot is undergoing training for a license and has a current solo flight endorsement as required under section 61.87 of this part.

(g) The requirements of this section may be accomplished in combination with the requirements of section 61.57 and other applicable recent experience requirements at the discretion of the authorized instructor conducting the flight review.

(h) A flight simulator or flight training device may be used to meet the flight review requirements of this section subject to the following conditions:

(1) The flight simulator or flight training device must be used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of the ECARs.

(2) Unless the flight review is undertaken in a flight simulator that is approved for landings, the applicant must meet the takeoff and landing requirements of section 61.57(a) or section 61.57(b) of this part.

(3) The flight simulator or flight training device used must represent an aircraft or set of aircraft for which the pilot is rated.

61.57 Recent flight experience: Pilot in command.

(a) General experience.

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, no person may act as a pilot in command of an aircraft carrying passengers or of an aircraft certificated for more than one pilot flight crewmember unless that person has made at least three takeoffs and three landings within the preceding 90 days, and:

(i) The person acted as the sole manipulator of the flight controls; and

(ii) The required takeoffs and landings were performed in an aircraft of the same category, class, and type (if a type rating is required), and, if the aircraft to be flown is an airplane with a tail wheel, the takeoffs and landings must have been made to a full stop in an airplane with a tail wheel.

(2) For the purpose of meeting the requirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this section, a person may act as a pilot in command of an aircraft under day VFR or day IFR, provided no persons or property are carried on board the aircraft, other than those necessary for the conduct of the flight.

(3) The takeoffs and landings required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section may be accomplished in a flight simulator or flight training device that is:

(i) Approved by the ECAA for landings; and

(ii) Used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of the ECARs.

(b) Night takeoff and landing experience.

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft carrying passengers during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise, unless within the preceding 90 days that person has made at least three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise, and:

(i) That person acted as sole manipulator of the flight controls; and

(ii) The required takeoffs and landings were performed in an aircraft of the same category, class, and type (if a type rating is required).

(2) The takeoffs and landings required by paragraph (b)(1) of this section may be accomplished in a flight simulator that is:

(i) Approved by the ECAA for takeoffs and landings, if the visual system is adjusted to represent the period described in paragraph (b)(1) of this section; and

(ii) Used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of the ECARs.

(c) Instrument experience. Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command under IFR or in weather conditions less than the minimums prescribed for VFR, unless within the preceding 6 calendar months, that person has:

For the purpose of obtaining instrument experience in an aircraft, performed and logged under actual or simulated instrument conditions, either in flight in the appropriate category of aircraft for the instrument privileges sought or in a flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of the aircraft category for the instrument privileges sought:

(1) At least six instrument approaches;

(2) Holding procedures; and

(3) Intercepting and tracking courses through the use of navigation systems.

(d) Instrument proficiency check. Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, a person who does not meet the instrument experience requirements of paragraph (c) of this section within the prescribed time, or within 6 calendar months after the prescribed time, may not serve as pilot in command under IFR or in weather conditions less than the minimums prescribed for VFR until that person passes an instrument proficiency check consisting of a representative number of tasks required by the instrument rating practical test.

(1) The instrument proficiency check must be:

(i) In an aircraft that is appropriate to the aircraft category;

(ii) in a flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of the aircraft category; or

(iii) in a single-engine airplane .

(2) The instrument proficiency check must be given by:

(i) An examiner;

(ii) A person authorized by the A.R.E. Armed Forces to conduct instrument flight tests, provided the person being tested is a member of the A.R.E. Armed Forces;

(iii) A company check pilot who is authorized to conduct instrument flight tests under part 121 of the ECARs, and provided that both the check pilot and the pilot being tested are employees of that operator or fractional ownership program manager, as applicable;

(iv) An authorized instructor; or

(v) A person approved by the ECAA to conduct instrument practical tests.

(e) Exceptions.

(1) This section does not apply to a pilot in command who is employed by an air carrier certificated under part 121 and is engaged in a flight operation under part 91, or 121 for that air carrier if the pilot is in compliance with section 121.437 and 121.439 of the ECARs, as appropriate.

(2) Paragraph (b) of this section does not apply to a pilot in command of a turbine-powered airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember, provided that pilot has complied with the requirements of paragraph (e)(2)(i) or (ii) of this section:

(i) The pilot in command must hold at least a commercial pilot license with the appropriate category, class, and type rating for each airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative, and:

(A) That pilot must have logged at least 1,500 hours of aeronautical experience as a pilot;

(B) In each airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative, that pilot must have accomplished and logged the daytime takeoff and landing recent flight experience of paragraph (a) of this section, as the sole manipulator of the flight controls;

(C) Within the preceding 90 days prior to the operation of that airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember, the pilot must have accomplished and logged at least 15 hours of flight time in the type of airplane that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative; and

(D) That pilot has accomplished and logged at least 3 takeoffs and 3 landings to a full stop, as the sole manipulator of the flight controls, in a turbine-powered airplane that requires more than one pilot crewmember. The pilot must have performed the takeoffs and landings during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise within the preceding 6 months prior to the month of the flight.

(ii) The pilot in command must hold at least a commercial pilot license with the appropriate category, class, and type rating for each airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative, and:

(A) That pilot must have logged at least 1,500 hours of aeronautical experience as a pilot;

(D) Within the preceding 12 months prior to the month of the flight, the pilot must have completed a training program that is approved under part 142 of the ECARs. The approved training program must have required and the pilot must have performed, at least 6 takeoffs and 6 landings to a full stop as the sole manipulator of the controls in a flight simulator that is representative of a turbine-powered airplane that requires more than one pilot crewmember. The flight simulator's visual system must have been adjusted to represent the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise.

61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency check: Operation of aircraft requiring more than one pilot flight crewmember.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, to serve as pilot in command of an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember, a person must within the preceding 6 calendar months, complete a pilot-in-command proficiency check in an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember .

(b) This section does not apply to persons conducting operations under part 121 of the ECARs.

(c) The pilot-in-command proficiency check given in accordance with the provisions of part 121 of the ECARs may be used to satisfy the requirements of this section.

(d) The pilot-in-command proficiency check required by paragraph (a) of this section may be accomplished by satisfactory completion of one of the following:

(1) A pilot-in-command proficiency check conducted by a person authorized by the ECAA, consisting of the maneuvers and procedures required for a type rating, in an aircraft type certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember;

(2) The practical test required for a type rating, in an aircraft type certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember;

(3) The initial or periodic practical test required for the issuance of a pilot examiner or check airman designation, in an aircraft type certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember; or

(4) A military flight check required for a pilot in command with instrument privileges, in an aircraft that the military requires to be operated by more than one pilot flight crewmember.

(e) A check or test described in paragraphs (d)(1) through (d)(4) of this section may be accomplished in a flight simulator under part 142 of the ECARs, subject to the following:

(1) Except as provided for in paragr

aphs (e)(2) and (e)(3) of this section, if an otherwise qualified and approved flight simulator used for a pilot-in-command proficiency check is not qualified and approved for a specific required maneuver:

(i) The training center must annotate, in the applicant's training record, the maneuver or maneuvers omitted; and

(ii) Prior to acting as pilot in command, the pilot must demonstrate proficiency in each omitted maneuver in an aircraft or flight simulator qualified and approved for each omitted maneuver.

(2) If the flight simulator used pursuant to paragraph (e) of this section is not qualified and approved for circling approaches:

(i) The applicant's record must include the statement, “Proficiency in circling approaches not demonstrated”; and

(ii) The applicant may not perform circling approaches as pilot in command when weather conditions are less than the basic VFR conditions described in part 91 of the ECARs, until proficiency in circling approaches has been successfully demonstrated in a flight simulator qualified and approved for circling approaches or in an aircraft to a person authorized by the ECAA to conduct the check required by this section.

(3) If the flight simulator used pursuant to paragraph (e) of this section is not qualified and approved for landings, the applicant must:

(i) Hold a type rating in the airplane represented by the simulator; and

(ii) Have completed within the preceding 90 days at least three takeoffs and three landings (one to a full stop) as the sole manipulator of the flight controls in the type airplane for which the pilot-in-command proficiency check is sought.

(f) For the purpose of meeting the pilot-in-command proficiency check requirements of paragraph (a) of this section, a person may act as pilot in command of a flight under day VFR conditions or day IFR conditions if no person or property is carried, other than as necessary to demonstrate compliance with this part.

(g) If a pilot takes the pilot-in-command proficiency check required by this section in the calendar month before or the calendar month after the month in which it is due, the pilot is considered to have taken it in the month in which it was due for the purpose of computing when the next pilot-in-command proficiency check is due.

61.59 Falsification, reproduction, or alteration of applications, licenses, logbooks, reports, or records.

(a) No person may make or cause to be made:

(1) Any fraudulent or intentionally false statement on any application for a license, rating, authorization, or duplicate thereof, issued under this part;

(2) Any fraudulent or intentionally false entry in any logbook, record, or report that is required to be kept, made, or used to show compliance with any requirement for the issuance or exercise of the privileges of any license, rating, or authorization under this part;

(3) Any reproduction for fraudulent purpose of any license, rating, or authorization, under this part; or

(4) Any alteration of any license, rating, or authorization under this part.

(b) The commission of an act prohibited under paragraph (a) of this section is a basis for suspending or revoking any airman license, rating, or authorization held by that person.

61.60 Change of address.

The holder of a pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor license who has made a change in permanent mailing address may not, after 30 days from that date, exercise the privileges of the license unless the holder has notified in writing the ECAA, Airman Licensing Branch, Airport Road ECAA Complex Cairo, Egypt, of the new permanent mailing address, or if the permanent mailing address includes a post office box number, then the holder's current residential address.