PART 61—CERTIFICATION:
PILOTS, FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS, AND
GROUND INSTRUCTORS
Section Contents
Special Federal
Aviation Regulation No. 73—Robinson R–22/R–44 Special Training
and Experience Requirements
Special Federal
Aviation Regulation No. 93—Temporary Extension of Time To Allow
for Certain Training and Testing
Special Federal
Aviation Regulation No. 100–1—Relief for U.S. Military and
Civilian Personnel Who are Assigned Outside the United States in
Support of U.S. Armed Forces Operations
Special Federal
Aviation Regulation No. 108
Subpart A—General
§ 61.1 Applicability and definitions.
§ 61.2 Exercise
of Privilege.
§ 61.3 Requirement for certificates, ratings, and
authorizations.
§ 61.4 Qualification and approval of flight simulators and
flight training devices.
§ 61.5 Certificates and ratings issued under this part.
§ 61.7 Obsolete
certificates and ratings.
§ 61.9 [Reserved]
§ 61.11 Expired
pilot certificates and re-issuance.
§ 61.13 Issuance
of airman certificates, ratings, and authorizations.
§ 61.14 [Reserved]
§ 61.15 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.
§ 61.16 Refusal
to submit to an alcohol test or to furnish test results.
§ 61.17 Temporary certificate.
Important Temporary certificate
§ 61.18 Security disqualification.
§ 61.19 Duration of pilot and instructor certificates.
§ 61.21 Duration of a Category II and a Category III pilot
authorization (for other than part 121 and part 135 use).
§ 61.23 Medical
certificates: Requirement and duration.
Important
§ 61.25 Change
of name.
§ 61.27 Voluntary surrender or exchange of certificate.
§ 61.29 Replacement of a lost or destroyed airman or medical
certificate or knowledge test report.
§ 61.31 Type
rating requirements, additional training, and authorization
requirements.
§ 61.33 Tests:
General procedure.
§ 61.35 Knowledge test: Prerequisites and passing grades.
§ 61.37 Knowledge tests: Cheating or other unauthorized
conduct.
§ 61.39 Prerequisites for practical tests.
Important
§ 61.41 Flight
training received from flight instructors not certificated by
the FAA. Important
§ 61.43 Practical tests: General procedures.
Important
§ 61.45 Practical tests: Required aircraft and equipment.
§ 61.47 Status
of an examiner who is authorized by the Administrator to conduct
practical tests.
§ 61.49 Retesting after failure.
Important
§ 61.51 Pilot
logbooks.
§ 61.52 Use of
aeronautical experience obtained in ultralight vehicles.
§ 61.53 Prohibition on operations during medical deficiency.
§ 61.55 Second-in-command qualifications.
§ 61.56 Flight
review.
§ 61.57 Recent
flight experience: Pilot in command.
§ 61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency check: Operation of
aircraft requiring more than one pilot flight crewmember.
§ 61.59 Falsification, reproduction, or alteration of
applications, certificates, logbooks, reports, or records.
§ 61.60 Change
of address.
Subpart B—Aircraft Ratings and
Pilot Authorizations
§ 61.61 Applicability.
§ 61.63 Additional aircraft ratings (other than for ratings at
the airline transport pilot certification level).
§ 61.64 Use of a
flight simulator and flight training device.
§ 61.65 Instrument rating requirements.
§ 61.67 Category
II pilot authorization requirements.
§ 61.68 Category
III pilot authorization requirements.
§ 61.69 Glider
and unpowered ultralight vehicle towing: Experience and training
requirements.
§ 61.71 Graduates of an approved training program other than
under this part: Special rules.
§ 61.73 Military
pilots or former military pilots: Special rules.
§ 61.75 Private
pilot certificate issued on the basis of a foreign pilot
license.
§ 61.77 Special
purpose pilot authorization: Operation of a civil aircraft of
the United States and leased by a non-U.S. citizen.
Subpart C—Student Pilots
§ 61.81 Applicability.
§ 61.83 Eligibility requirements for student pilots.
§ 61.85 Application.
§ 61.87 Solo
requirements for student pilots.
§ 61.89 General
limitations.
§ 61.91 [Reserved]
§ 61.93 Solo
cross-country flight requirements.
§ 61.94 Student
pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate or a recreational pilot
certificate: Operations at airports within, and in airspace
located within, Class B, C, and D airspace, or at airports with
an operational control tower in other airspace.
§ 61.95 Operations in Class B airspace and at airports located
within Class B airspace.
Subpart D—Recreational Pilots
§ 61.96 Applicability and eligibility requirements: General.
§ 61.97 Aeronautical knowledge.
§ 61.98 Flight
proficiency.
§ 61.99 Aeronautical experience.
§ 61.100 Pilots
based on small islands.
§ 61.101 Recreational pilot privileges and limitations.
Subpart E—Private Pilots
§ 61.102 Applicability.
§ 61.103 Eligibility requirements: General.
§ 61.105 Aeronautical knowledge.
§ 61.107 Flight
proficiency.
§ 61.109 Aeronautical experience.
§ 61.110 Night
flying exceptions.
§ 61.111 Cross-country flights: Pilots based on small islands.
§ 61.113 Private
pilot privileges and limitations: Pilot in command.
§ 61.115 Balloon
rating: Limitations.
§ 61.117 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Second in
command of aircraft requiring more than one pilot.
§ 61.118-61.120 [Reserved]
Subpart F—Commercial Pilots
§ 61.121 Applicability.
§ 61.123 Eligibility requirements: General.
Helicopter Experience
§ 61.125 Aeronautical knowledge.
§ 61.127 Flight
proficiency.
§ 61.129 Aeronautical experience.
Helicopter Experience
§ 61.131 Exceptions to the night flying requirements.
§ 61.133 Commercial pilot privileges and limitations.
§§ 61.135-61.141 [Reserved]
Subpart G—Airline Transport
Pilots
§ 61.151 Applicability.
§ 61.153 Eligibility requirements: General.
§ 61.155 Aeronautical knowledge.
§ 61.157 Flight
proficiency.
§ 61.158 [Reserved]
§ 61.159 Aeronautical experience: Airplane category rating.
§ 61.161 Aeronautical experience: Rotorcraft category and
helicopter class rating.
§ 61.163 Aeronautical experience: Powered-lift category
rating.
§ 61.165 Additional aircraft category and class ratings.
§ 61.167 Privileges.
§§ 61.169-69.171 [Reserved]
Subpart H—Flight Instructors
Other than Flight Instructors With a Sport Pilot Rating
§ 61.181 Applicability.
§ 61.183 Eligibility requirements.
§ 61.185 Aeronautical knowledge.
§ 61.187 Flight
proficiency.
§ 61.189 Flight
instructor records.
§ 61.191 Additional flight instructor ratings.
§ 61.193 Flight
instructor privileges.
§ 61.195 Flight
instructor limitations and qualifications.
§ 61.197 Renewal
requirements for flight instructor certification.
§ 61.199 Reinstatement requirements of an expired flight
instructor certificate.
§ 61.201 [Reserved]
Subpart I—Ground Instructors
§ 61.211 Applicability.
§ 61.213 Eligibility requirements.
§ 61.215 Ground
instructor privileges.
§ 61.217 Recent
experience requirements.
Subpart J—Sport Pilots
§ 61.301 What
is the purpose of this subpart and to whom does it apply?
§ 61.303 If I
want to operate a light-sport aircraft, what operating limits
and endorsement requirements in this subpart must I comply with?
§ 61.305 What
are the age and language requirements for a sport pilot
certificate?
§ 61.307 What
tests do I have to take to obtain a sport pilot certificate?
§ 61.309 What
aeronautical knowledge must I have to apply for a sport pilot
certificate?
§ 61.311 What
flight proficiency requirements must I meet to apply for a sport
pilot certificate?
§ 61.313 What
aeronautical experience must I have to apply for a sport pilot
certificate?
§ 61.315 What
are the privileges and limits of my sport pilot certificate?
§ 61.317 Is my
sport pilot certificate issued with aircraft category and class
ratings?
§ 61.319 [Reserved]
§ 61.321 How
do I obtain privileges to operate an additional category or
class of light-sport aircraft?
§ 61.323 [Reserved]
§ 61.325 How
do I obtain privileges to operate a light-sport aircraft at an
airport within, or in airspace within, Class B, C, and D
airspace, or in other airspace with an airport having an
operational control tower?
§ 61.327 Are
there specific endorsement requirements to operate a light-sport
aircraft based on VH?
Subpart K—Flight Instructors
With a Sport Pilot Rating
§ 61.401 What
is the purpose of this subpart?
§ 61.403 What
are the age, language, and pilot certificate requirements for a
flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?
§ 61.405 What
tests do I have to take to obtain a flight instructor
certificate with a sport pilot rating?
§ 61.407 What
aeronautical knowledge must I have to apply for a flight
instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?
§ 61.409 What
flight proficiency requirements must I meet to apply for a
flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?
§ 61.411 What
aeronautical experience must I have to apply for a flight
instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?
§ 61.413 What
are the privileges of my flight instructor certificate with a
sport pilot rating?
§ 61.415 What
are the limits of a flight instructor certificate with a sport
pilot rating?
§ 61.417 Will
my flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating list
aircraft category and class ratings?
§ 61.419 How
do I obtain privileges to provide training in an additional
category or class of light-sport aircraft?
§ 61.421 May I
give myself an endorsement?
§ 61.423 What
are the recordkeeping requirements for a flight instructor with
a sport pilot rating?
§ 61.425 How
do I renew my flight instructor certificate?
§ 61.427 What
must I do if my flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot
rating expires?
§ 61.429 May I
exercise the privileges of a flight instructor certificate with
a sport pilot rating if I hold a flight instructor certificate
with another rating?
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113,
44701–44703, 44707, 44709–44711, 45102–45103, 45301–45302.
Source: Docket No. 25910, 62 FR
16298, Apr. 4, 1997, unless otherwise noted.
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 73—Robinson
R–22/R–44 Special Training and Experience Requirements
top Sections
1. Applicability.
2. Required training, aeronautical experience, endorsements,
and flight review.
3. Expiration date.
1. Applicability. Under the procedures prescribed herein,
this SFAR applies to all persons who seek to manipulate the
controls or act as pilot in command of a Robinson model R–22 or
R–44 helicopter. The requirements stated in this SFAR are in
addition to the current requirements of part 61.
2. Required training, aeronautical experience, endorsements,
and flight review.
(a) Awareness Training:
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this section,
no person may manipulate the controls of a Robinson model R–22
or R–44 helicopter after March 27, 1995, for the purpose of
flight unless the awareness training specified in paragraph
(a)(3) of this section is completed and the person's logbook has
been endorsed by a certified flight instructor authorized under
paragraph (b)(5) of this section.
(2) A person who holds a rotorcraft category and helicopter
class rating on that person's pilot certificate and meets the
experience requirements of paragraph (b)(1) or paragraph (b)(2)
of this section may not manipulate the controls of a Robinson
model R–22 or R–44 helicopter for the purpose of flight after
April 26, 1995, unless the awareness training specified in
paragraph (a)(3) of this section is completed and the person's
logbook has been endorsed by a certified flight instructor
authorized under paragraph (b)(5) of this section.
(3) Awareness training must be conducted by a certified
flight instructor who has been endorsed under paragraph (b)(5)
of this section and consists of instruction in the following
general subject areas:
(i) Energy management;
(ii) Mast bumping;
(iii) Low rotor RPM (blade stall);
(iv) Low G hazards; and
(v) Rotor RPM decay.
(4) A person who can show satisfactory completion of the
manufacturer's safety course after January 1, 1994, may obtain
an endorsement from an FAA aviation safety inspector in lieu of
completing the awareness training required in paragraphs (a)(1)
and (a)(2) of this section.
(b) Aeronautical Experience:
(1) No person may act as pilot in command of a Robinson model
R–22 unless that person:
(i) Has had at least 200 flight hours in helicopters, at
least 50 flight hours of which were in the Robinson R–22; or
(ii) Has had at least 10 hours dual instruction in the
Robinson R–22 and has received an endorsement from a certified
flight instructor authorized under paragraph (b)(5) of this
section that the individual has been given the training required
by this paragraph and is proficient to act as pilot in command
of an R–22. Beginning 12 calendar months after the date of the
endorsement, the individual may not act as pilot in command
unless the individual has completed a flight review in an R–22
within the preceding 12 calendar months and obtained an
endorsement for that flight review. The dual instruction must
include at least the following abnormal and emergency procedures
flight training:
(A) Enhanced training in autorotation procedures,
(B) Engine rotor RPM control without the use of the governor,
(C) Low rotor RPM recognition and recovery, and
(D) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper recovery
procedures.
(2) No person may act as pilot in command of a Robinson R–44
unless that person—
(i) Has had at least 200 flight hours in helicopters, at
least 50 flight hours of which were in the Robinson R–44. The
pilot in command may credit up to 25 flight hours in the
Robinson R–22 toward the 50 hour requirement in the Robinson
R–44; or
(ii) Has had at least 10 hours dual instruction in a Robinson
helicopter, at least 5 hours of which must have been
accomplished in the Robinson R–44 helicopter and has received an
endorsement from a certified flight instructor authorized under
paragraph (b)(5) of this section that the individual has been
given the training required by this paragraph and is proficient
to act as pilot in command of an R–44. Beginning 12 calendar
months after the date of the endorsement, the individual may not
act as pilot in command unless the individual has completed a
flight review in a Robinson R–44 within the preceding 12
calendar months and obtained an endorsement for that flight
review. The dual instruction must include at least the following
abnormal and emergency procedures flight training—
(A) Enhanced training in autorotation procedures;
(B) Engine rotor RPM control without the use of the governor;
(C) Low rotor RPM recognition and recovery; and
(D) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper recovery
procedures.
(3) A person who does not hold a rotorcraft category and
helicopter class rating must have had at least 20 hours of dual
instruction in a Robinson R–22 helicopter prior to operating it
in solo flight. In addition, the person must obtain an
endorsement from a certified flight instructor authorized under
paragraph (b)(5) of this section that instruction has been given
in those maneuvers and procedures, and the instructor has found
the applicant proficient to solo a Robinson R–22. This
endorsement is valid for a period of 90 days. The dual
instruction must include at least the following abnormal and
emergency procedures flight training:
(i) Enhanced training in autorotation procedures,
(ii) Engine rotor RPM control without the use of the
governor,
(iii) Low rotor RPM recognition and recovery, and
(iv) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper recovery
procedures.
(4) A person who does not hold a rotorcraft category and
helicopter class rating must have had at least 20 hours of dual
instruction in a Robinson R–44 helicopter prior to operating it
in solo flight. In addition, the person must obtain an
endorsement from a certified flight instructor authorized under
paragraph (b)(5) of this section that instruction has been given
in those maneuvers and procedures, and the instructor has found
the applicant proficient to solo a Robinson R–44. This
endorsement is valid for a period of 90 days. The dual
instruction must include at least the following abnormal and
emergency procedures flight training:
(i) Enhanced training in autorotation procedures,
(ii) Engine rotor RPM control without the use of the
governor,
(iii) Low rotor RPM recognition and recovery, and
(iv) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper recovery
procedures.
(5) No certificated flight instructor may provide instruction
or conduct a flight review in a Robinson R–22 or R–44 unless
that instructor—
(i) Completes the awareness training in paragraph 2(a) of
this SFAR.
(ii) For the Robinson R–22, has had at least 200 flight hours
in helicopters, at least 50 flight hours of which were in the
Robinson R–22, or for the Robinson R–44, has had at least 200
flight hours in helicopters, 50 flight hours of which were in
Robinson helicopters. Up to 25 flight hours of Robinson R–22
flight time may be credited toward the 50 hour requirement.
(iii) Has completed flight training in a Robinson R–22, R–44,
or both, on the following abnormal and emergency procedures—
(A) Enhanced training in autorotation procedures;
(B) Engine rotor RPM control without the use of the governor;
(C) Low rotor RPM recognition and recovery; and
(D) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper recovery
procedures.
(iv) Has been authorized by endorsement from an FAA aviation
safety inspector or authorized designated examiner that the
instructor has completed the appropriate training, meets the
experience requirements and has satisfactorily demonstrated an
ability to provide instruction on the general subject areas of
paragraph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR, and the flight training
identified in paragraph 2(b)(5)(iii) of this SFAR.
(c) Flight Review:
(1) No flight review completed to satisfy §61.56 by an
individual after becoming eligible to function as pilot in
command in a Robinson R–22 helicopter shall be valid for the
operation of R–22 helicopter unless that flight review was taken
in an R–22.
(2) No flight review completed to satisfy §61.56 by
individual after becoming eligible to function as pilot in
command in a Robinson R–44 helicopter shall be valid for the
operation of R–44 helicopter unless that flight review was taken
in the R–44.
(3) The flight review will include a review of the awareness
training subject areas of paragraph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR and the
flight training identified in paragraph 2(b) of this SFAR.
(d) Currency Requirements: No person may act as pilot in
command of a Robinson model R–22 or R–44 helicopter carrying
passengers unless the pilot in command has met the recency of
flight experience requirements of §61.57 in an R–22 or R–44, as
appropriate.
3. Expiration date. This SFAR No. 73 shall remain in
effect until it is revised or rescinded.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by
SFAR 73–1, 63 FR 666, Jan. 7, 1998; 68 FR 43, Jan. 2, 2003;
Amdt. 61–120, 73 FR 17246, Apr. 1, 2008; Amdt. SFAR 73–2, 74 FR
25650, May 29, 2009]
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 93—Temporary
Extension of Time To Allow for Certain Training and Testing
top 1. Applicability. This SFAR applies to all part 121
and 135 check airmen (simulator) and flight instructors
(simulator), part 121 aircraft dispatchers, and part 142
training center instructors who were required to complete
qualification requirements, an inflight line observation
program, or operating familiarization in September 2001 to
become qualified, or remain qualified, to perform their assigned
duties. It also applies to persons who have satisfactorily
accomplished the part 61 aeronautical knowledge test or the part
63 written test, either one of which has an expiration date of
September 2001 for pilot, flight instructor, or flight engineer
certification.
2. Special Qualification Requirements. The sections of
14 CFR that prescribes these requirements are sections
61.39(a)(1); 63.35(d); 121.411(f); 121.412(f); 121.463(a)(2);
121.463(c); 135.337(f); 135.338(f); 142.53(b)(2) and (b)(3).
3. Extension of Time to Fulfill Certain Qualification
Requirements. Persons identified in paragraph 1 of this SFAR
who had until the end of September 2001 to complete the
specified qualification requirements in September 2001 will be
deemed to have completed those requirements in September 2001
provided they satisfactorily complete those requirements by
November 30, 2001. For those persons identified in paragraph 1,
who are qualifying for the first time to be a check airmen
(simulator), flight instructor (simulator), aircraft dispatcher,
or training center instructor, they must fulfill the applicable
qualification requirements before they may serve as a check
airmen (simulator), flight instructor (simulator), aircraft
dispatcher, or training center instructor, as appropriate. This
extension does not change the 12-calendar-month requirement for
aircraft dispatchers or the anniversary month for check airmen,
flight instructors and training center instructors. Therefore,
if you were due for qualification in September 2001 you will be
due for qualification September 2002, regardless of this
extension for 2001.
4. Termination Date. This Special Federal Aviation
Regulation expires November 30, 2001.
[Doc. No. FAA–2001–10797, 66 FR 52279, Oct. 12, 2001]
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 100–1—Relief for
U.S. Military and Civilian Personnel Who are Assigned Outside
the United States in Support of U.S. Armed Forces Operations
top 1. Applicability. Flight Standards District Offices
are authorized to accept from an eligible person, as described
in paragraph 2 of this SFAR, the following:
(a) An expired flight instructor certificate to show
eligibility for renewal of a flight instructor certificate under
§61.197, or an expired written test report to show eligibility
under part 61 to take a practical test;
(b) An expired written test report to show eligibility under
§§63.33 and 63.57 to take a practical test; and
(c) An expired written test report to show eligibility to
take a practical test required under part 65 or an expired
inspection authorization to show eligibility for renewal under
§65.93.
2. Eligibility. A person is eligible for the relief
described in paragraph 1 of this SFAR if:
(a) The person served in a U.S. military or civilian capacity
outside the United States in support of the U.S. Armed Forces'
operation during some period of time from September 11, 2001, to
termination of SFAR 100–2;
(b) The person's flight instructor certificate, airman
written test report, or inspection authorization expired some
time between September 11, 2001, and 6 calendar months after
returning to the United States or termination of SFAR 100–2,
whichever is earlier; and
(c) The person complies with §61.197 or §65.93 of this
chapter, as appropriate, or completes the appropriate practical
test within 6 calendar months after returning to the United
States, or upon termination of SFAR 100–2, whichever is earlier.
3. Required documents. The person must send the Airman
Certificate and/or Rating Application (FAA Form 8710–1) to the
appropriate Flight Standards District Office. The person must
include with the application one of the following documents,
which must show the date of assignment outside the United States
and the date of return to the United States:
(a) An official U.S. Government notification of personnel
action, or equivalent document, showing the person was a
civilian on official duty for the U.S. Government outside the
United States and was assigned to a U.S. Armed Forces' operation
some time between September 11, 2001, to termination of SFAR
100–2;
(b) Military orders showing the person was assigned to duty
outside the United States and was assigned to a U.S. Armed
Forces' operation some time between September 11, 2001, to
termination of SFAR 100–2 ; or
(c) A letter from the person's military commander or civilian
supervisor providing the dates during which the person served
outside the United States and was assigned to a U.S. Armed
Forces' operation some time between September 11, 2001, to
termination of SFAR 100–2.
4. Expiration date. This Special Federal Aviation
Regulation No. 100–2 is effective until further notice.
[Doc. No. FAA–2009–0923, 75 FR 9766, Mar. 4, 2010]
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 108
top Note: For the text of SFAR No. 108, see part
91 of this chapter.
Subpart A—General
top
§ 61.1 Applicability and definitions.
top (a) This part prescribes:
(1) The requirements for issuing pilot, flight instructor,
and ground instructor certificates and ratings; the conditions
under which those certificates and ratings are necessary; and
the privileges and limitations of those certificates and
ratings.
(2) The requirements for issuing pilot, flight instructor,
and ground instructor authorizations; the conditions under which
those authorizations are necessary; and the privileges and
limitations of those authorizations.
(3) The requirements for issuing pilot, flight instructor,
and ground instructor certificates and ratings for persons who
have taken courses approved by the Administrator under other
parts of this chapter.
(b) For the purpose of this part:
(1) Aeronautical experience means pilot time obtained
in an aircraft, flight simulator, or flight training device for
meeting the appropriate training and flight time requirements
for an airman certificate, rating, flight review, or recency of
flight experience requirements of this part.
(2) Authorized instructor means—
(i) A person who holds a ground instructor certificate issued
under part 61 of this chapter and is in compliance with §61.217,
when conducting ground training in accordance with the
privileges and limitations of his or her ground instructor
certificate;
(ii) A person who holds a flight instructor certificate
issued under part 61 of this chapter and is in compliance with
§61.197, when conducting ground training or flight training in
accordance with the privileges and limitations of his or her
flight instructor certificate; or
(iii) A person authorized by the Administrator to provide
ground training or flight training under SFAR No. 58, or part
61, 121, 135, or 142 of this chapter when conducting ground
training or flight training in accordance with that authority.
(3) Cross-country time means—
(i) Except as provided in paragraphs (b)(3)(ii) through
(b)(3)(vi) of this section, time acquired during flight—
(A) Conducted by a person who holds a pilot certificate;
(B) Conducted in an aircraft;
(C) That includes a landing at a point other than the point
of departure; and
(D) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilotage,
electronic navigation aids, radio aids, or other navigation
systems to navigate to the landing point.
(ii) For the purpose of meeting the aeronautical experience
requirements (except for a rotorcraft category rating), for a
private pilot certificate (except for a powered parachute
category rating), a commercial pilot certificate, or an
instrument rating, or for the purpose of exercising recreational
pilot privileges (except in a rotorcraft) under §61.101 (c),
time acquired during a flight—
(A) Conducted in an appropriate aircraft;
(B) That includes a point of landing that was at least a
straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the
original point of departure; and
(C) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilotage,
electronic navigation aids, radio aids, or other navigation
systems to navigate to the landing point.
(iii) For the purpose of meeting the aeronautical experience
requirements for a sport pilot certificate (except for powered
parachute privileges), time acquired during a flight conducted
in an appropriate aircraft that—
(A) Includes a point of landing at least a straight line
distance of more than 25 nautical miles from the original point
of departure; and
(B) Involves, as applicable, the use of dead reckoning;
pilotage; electronic navigation aids; radio aids; or other
navigation systems to navigate to the landing point.
(iv) For the purpose of meeting the aeronautical experience
requirements for a sport pilot certificate with powered
parachute privileges or a private pilot certificate with a
powered parachute category rating, time acquired during a flight
conducted in an appropriate aircraft that—
(A) Includes a point of landing at least a straight line
distance of more than 15 nautical miles from the original point
of departure; and
(B) Involves, as applicable, the use of dead reckoning;
pilotage; electronic navigation aids; radio aids; or other
navigation systems to navigate to the landing point.
(v) For the purpose of meeting the aeronautical experience
requirements for any pilot certificate with a rotorcraft
category rating or an instrument-helicopter rating, or for the
purpose of exercising recreational pilot privileges, in a
rotorcraft, under §61.101(c), time acquired during a flight—
(A) Conducted in an appropriate aircraft;
(B) That includes a point of landing that was at least a
straight-line distance of more than 25 nautical miles from the
original point of departure; and
(C) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilotage,
electronic navigation aids, radio aids, or other navigation
systems to navigate to the landing point.
(vi) For the purpose of meeting the aeronautical experience
requirements for an airline transport pilot certificate (except
with a rotorcraft category rating), time acquired during a
flight—
(A) Conducted in an appropriate aircraft;
(B) That is at least a straight-line distance of more than 50
nautical miles from the original point of departure; and
(C) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilotage,
electronic navigation aids, radio aids, or other navigation
systems.
(vii) For a military pilot who qualifies for a commercial
pilot certificate (except with a rotorcraft category rating)
under §61.73 of this part, time acquired during a flight—
(A) Conducted in an appropriate aircraft;
(B) That is at least a straight-line distance of more than 50
nautical miles from the original point of departure; and
(C) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilotage,
electronic navigation aids, radio aids, or other navigation
systems.
(4) Examiner means any person who is authorized by the
Administrator to conduct a pilot proficiency test or a practical
test for an airman certificate or rating issued under this part,
or a person who is authorized to conduct a knowledge test under
this part.
(5) Flight simulator means a device that—
(i) Is a full-size aircraft cockpit replica of a specific
type of aircraft, or make, model, and series of aircraft;
(ii) Includes the hardware and software necessary to
represent the aircraft in ground operations and flight
operations;
(iii) Uses a force cueing system that provides cues at least
equivalent to those cues provided by a 3 degree freedom of
motion system;
(iv) Uses a visual system that provides at least a 45 degree
horizontal field of view and a 30 degree vertical field of view
simultaneously for each pilot; and
(v) Has been evaluated, qualified, and approved by the
Administrator.
(6) Flight training means that training, other than
ground training, received from an authorized instructor in
flight in an aircraft.
(7) Flight training device means a device that—
(i) Is a full-size replica of the instruments, equipment,
panels, and controls of an aircraft, or set of aircraft, in an
open flight deck area or in an enclosed cockpit, including the
hardware and software for the systems installed, that is
necessary to simulate the aircraft in ground and flight
operations;
(ii) Need not have a force (motion) cueing or visual system;
and
(iii) Has been evaluated, qualified, and approved by the
Administrator.
(8) Ground training means that training, other than
flight training, received from an authorized instructor.
(9) Instrument approach means an approach procedure
defined in part 97 of this chapter.
(10) Instrument training means that time in which
instrument training is received from an authorized instructor
under actual or simulated instrument conditions.
(11) Knowledge test means a test on the aeronautical
knowledge areas required for an airman certificate or rating
that can be administered in written form or by a computer.
(12) Night vision goggles means an appliance worn by a
pilot that enhances the pilot's ability to maintain visual
surface reference at night.
(13) Night vision goggle operation means the portion
of a flight that occurs during the time period from 1 hour after
sunset to 1 hour before sunrise where the pilot maintains visual
surface reference using night vision goggles in an aircraft that
is approved for such an operation.
(14) Pilot time means that time in which a person—
(i) Serves as a required pilot flight crewmember;
(ii) Receives training from an authorized instructor in an
aircraft, flight simulator, or flight training device; or
(iii) Gives training as an authorized instructor in an
aircraft, flight simulator, or flight training device.
(15) Practical test means a test on the areas of
operations for an airman certificate, rating, or authorization
that is conducted by having the applicant respond to questions
and demonstrate maneuvers in flight, in a flight simulator, or
in a flight training device.
(16) Set of aircraft means aircraft that share similar
performance characteristics, such as similar airspeed and
altitude operating envelopes, similar handling characteristics,
and the same number and type of propulsion systems.
(17) Student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate
means a person who has received an endorsement—
(i) To exercise student pilot privileges from a certificated
flight instructor with a sport pilot rating; or
(ii) That includes a limitation for the operation of a
light-sport aircraft specified in §61.89(c) issued by a
certificated flight instructor with other than a sport pilot
rating.
(18) Training time means training received—
(i) In flight from an authorized instructor;
(ii) On the ground from an authorized instructor; or
(iii) In a flight simulator or flight training device from an
authorized instructor.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40893, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44864, July 27,
2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42546, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.2 Exercise of Privilege.
top (a) Validity. No person may:
(1) Exercise privileges of a certificate, rating,
endorsement, or authorization issued under this part if the
certificate, rating or authorization is surrendered, suspended,
revoked or expired.
(2) Exercise privileges of a flight instructor certificate if
that flight instructor certificate is surrendered, suspended,
revoked or expired.
(3) Exercise privileges of a foreign pilot certificate to
operate an aircraft of foreign registry under §61.3(b) if the
certificate is surrendered, suspended, revoked or expired.
(4) Exercise privileges of a pilot certificate issued under
§61.75, or an authorization issued under §61.77, if the foreign
pilot certificate relied upon for the issuance of the U.S. pilot
certificate or authorization is surrendered, suspended, revoked
or expired.
(5) Exercise privileges of a medical certificate issued under
part 67 to meet any requirements of part 61 if the medical
certificate is surrendered, suspended, revoked or expired
according to the duration standards set forth in §61.23(d).
(6) Use an official government issued driver's license to
meet any requirements of part 61 related to holding that
driver's license, if the driver's license is surrendered,
suspended, revoked or expired.
(b) Currency. No person may:
(1) Exercise privileges of an airman certificate, rating,
endorsement, or authorization issued under this part unless that
person meets the appropriate airman and medical recency
requirements of this part, specific to the operation or
activity.
(2) Exercise privileges of a foreign pilot license within the
United States to conduct an operation described in §61.3(b),
unless that person meets the appropriate airman and medical
recency requirements of the country that issued the license,
specific to the operation.
[Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42546, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.3 Requirement for certificates, ratings, and
authorizations.
top (a) Pilot certificate. No person may serve as a
required pilot flight crewmember of a civil aircraft of the
United States, unless that person—
(1) Has a pilot certificate or special purpose pilot
authorization issued under this part in that person's physical
possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising
the privileges of that pilot certificate or authorization.
However, when the aircraft is operated within a foreign country,
a pilot license issued by that country may be used; and
(2) Has a photo identification that is in that person's
physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when
exercising the privileges of that pilot certificate or
authorization. The photo identification must be a:
(i) Driver's license issued by a State, the District of
Columbia, or territory or possession of the United States;
(ii) Government identification card issued by the Federal
government, a State, the District of Columbia, or a territory or
possession of the United States;
(iii) U.S. Armed Forces' identification card;
(iv) Official passport;
(v) Credential that authorizes unescorted access to a
security identification display area at an airport regulated
under 49 CFR part 1542; or
(vi) Other form of identification that the Administrator
finds acceptable.
(b) Required pilot certificate for operating a
foreign-registered aircraft. No person may serve as a
required pilot flight crewmember of a civil aircraft of foreign
registry within the United States, unless that person's pilot
certificate—
(1) Is in that person's physical possession, or readily
accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of
that pilot certificate; and
(2) Has been issued under this part, or has been issued or
validated by the country in which the aircraft is registered.
(c) Medical certificate. (1) A person may serve as a
required pilot flight crewmember of an aircraft only if that
person holds the appropriate medical certificate issued under
part 67 of this chapter, or other documentation acceptable to
the FAA, that is in that person's physical possession or readily
accessible in the aircraft. Paragraph (c)(2) of this section
provides certain exceptions to the requirement to hold a medical
certificate.
(2) A person is not required to meet the requirements of
paragraph (c)(1) of this section if that person—
(i) Is exercising the privileges of a student pilot
certificate while seeking a pilot certificate with a glider
category rating, a balloon class rating, or glider or balloon
privileges;
(ii) Is exercising the privileges of a student pilot
certificate while seeking a sport pilot certificate with other
than glider or balloon privileges and holds a U.S. driver's
license;
(iii) Is exercising the privileges of a student pilot
certificate while seeking a pilot certificate with a
weight-shift-control aircraft category rating or a powered
parachute category rating and holds a U.S. driver's license;
(iv) Is exercising the privileges of a sport pilot
certificate with glider or balloon privileges;
(v) Is exercising the privileges of a sport pilot certificate
with other than glider or balloon privileges and holds a U.S.
driver's license. A person who has applied for or held a medical
certificate may exercise the privileges of a sport pilot
certificate using a U.S. driver's license only if that person—
(A) Has been found eligible for the issuance of at least a
third-class airman medical certificate at the time of his or her
most recent application; and
(B) Has not had his or her most recently issued medical
certificate suspended or revoked or most recent Authorization
for a Special Issuance of a Medical Certificate withdrawn.
(vi) Is holding a pilot certificate with a balloon class
rating and is piloting or providing training in a balloon as
appropriate;
(vii) Is holding a pilot certificate or a flight instructor
certificate with a glider category rating, and is piloting or
providing training in a glider, as appropriate;
(viii) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(2)(vii) of this
section, is exercising the privileges of a flight instructor
certificate, provided the person is not acting as pilot in
command or as a required pilot flight crewmember;
(ix) Is exercising the privileges of a ground instructor
certificate;
(x) Is operating an aircraft within a foreign country using a
pilot license issued by that country and possesses evidence of
current medical qualification for that license; or
(xi) Is operating an aircraft with a U.S. pilot certificate,
issued on the basis of a foreign pilot license, issued under
§61.75, and holds a medical certificate issued by the foreign
country that issued the foreign pilot license, which is in that
person's physical possession or readily accessible in the
aircraft when exercising the privileges of that airman
certificate.
(xii) Is a pilot of the U.S. Armed Forces, has an up-to-date
U.S. military medical examination, and holds military pilot
flight status.
(d) Flight instructor certificate. (1) A person who
holds a flight instructor certificate issued under this part
must have that certificate, or other documentation acceptable to
the Administrator, in that person's physical possession or
readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the
privileges of that flight instructor certificate.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (d)(3) of this section,
no person other than the holder of a flight instructor
certificate issued under this part with the appropriate rating
on that certificate may—
(i) Give training required to qualify a person for solo
flight and solo cross-country flight;
(ii) Endorse an applicant for a—
(A) Pilot certificate or rating issued under this part;
(B) Flight instructor certificate or rating issued under this
part; or
(C) Ground instructor certificate or rating issued under this
part;
(iii) Endorse a pilot logbook to show training given; or
(iv) Endorse a student pilot certificate and logbook for solo
operating privileges.
(3) A flight instructor certificate issued under this part is
not necessary—
(i) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this section, if the training
is given by the holder of a commercial pilot certificate with a
lighter-than-air rating, provided the training is given in
accordance with the privileges of the certificate in a
lighter-than-air aircraft;
(ii) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this section, if the training
is given by the holder of an airline transport pilot certificate
with a rating appropriate to the aircraft in which the training
is given, provided the training is given in accordance with the
privileges of the certificate and conducted in accordance with
an approved air carrier training program approved under part 121
or part 135 of this chapter;
(iii) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this section, if the training
is given by a person who is qualified in accordance with subpart
C of part 142 of this chapter, provided the training is
conducted in accordance with an approved part 142 training
program;
(iv) Under paragraphs (d)(2)(i), (d)(2)(ii)(C), and
(d)(2)(iii) of this section, if the training is given by the
holder of a ground instructor certificate in accordance with the
privileges of the certificate; or
(v) Under paragraph (d)(2)(iii) of this section, if the
training is given by an authorized flight instructor under
§61.41 of this part.
(e) Instrument rating. No person may act as pilot in
command of a civil aircraft under IFR or in weather conditions
less than the minimums prescribed for VFR flight unless that
person holds:
(1) The appropriate aircraft category, class, type (if
required), and instrument rating on that person's pilot
certificate for any airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift being
flown;
(2) An airline transport pilot certificate with the
appropriate aircraft category, class, and type rating (if
required) for the aircraft being flown;
(3) For a glider, a pilot certificate with a glider category
rating and an airplane instrument rating; or
(4) For an airship, a commercial pilot certificate with a
lighter-than-air category rating and airship class rating.
(f) Category II pilot authorization. Except for a
pilot conducting Category II operations under part 121 or part
135, a person may not:
(1) Act as pilot in command of a civil aircraft during
Category II operations unless that person—
(i) Holds a Category II pilot authorization for that category
or class of aircraft, and the type of aircraft, if applicable;
or
(ii) In the case of a civil aircraft of foreign registry, is
authorized by the country of registry to act as pilot in command
of that aircraft in Category II operations.
(2) Act as second in command of a civil aircraft during
Category II operations unless that person—
(i) Holds a pilot certificate with category and class ratings
for that aircraft and an instrument rating for that category
aircraft;
(ii) Holds an airline transport pilot certificate with
category and class ratings for that aircraft; or
(iii) In the case of a civil aircraft of foreign registry, is
authorized by the country of registry to act as second in
command of that aircraft during Category II operations.
(g) Category III pilot authorization. Except for a
pilot conducting Category III operations under part 121 or part
135, a person may not:
(1) Act as pilot in command of a civil aircraft during
Category III operations unless that person—
(i) Holds a Category III pilot authorization for that
category or class of aircraft, and the type of aircraft, if
applicable; or
(ii) In the case of a civil aircraft of foreign registry, is
authorized by the country of registry to act as pilot in command
of that aircraft in Category III operations.
(2) Act as second in command of a civil aircraft during
Category III operations unless that person—
(i) Holds a pilot certificate with category and class ratings
for that aircraft and an instrument rating for that category
aircraft;
(ii) Holds an airline transport pilot certificate with
category and class ratings for that aircraft; or
(iii) In the case of a civil aircraft of foreign registry, is
authorized by the country of registry to act as second in
command of that aircraft during Category III operations.
(h) Category A aircraft pilot authorization. The
Administrator may issue a certificate of authorization for a
Category II or Category III operation to the pilot of a small
aircraft that is a Category A aircraft, as identified in
§97.3(b)(1) of this chapter if:
(1) The Administrator determines that the Category II or
Category III operation can be performed safely by that pilot
under the terms of the certificate of authorization; and
(2) The Category II or Category III operation does not
involve the carriage of persons or property for compensation or
hire.
(i) Ground instructor certificate. (1) Each person who
holds a ground instructor certificate issued under this part or
part 143 must have that certificate in that person's physical
possession or immediately accessible when exercising the
privileges of that certificate.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (i)(3) of this section,
no person other than the holder of a ground instructor
certificate, issued under this part or part 143, with the
appropriate rating on that certificate may—
(i) Give ground training required to qualify a person for
solo flight and solo cross-country flight;
(ii) Endorse an applicant for a knowledge test required for a
pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor certificate or
rating issued under this part; or
(iii) Endorse a pilot logbook to show ground training given.
(3) A ground instructor certificate issued under this part is
not necessary—
(i) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this section, if the training
is given by the holder of a flight instructor certificate issued
under this part in accordance with the privileges of that
certificate;
(ii) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this section, if the training
is given by the holder of a commercial pilot certificate with a
lighter-than-air rating, provided the training is given in
accordance with the privileges of the certificate in a
lighter-than-air aircraft;
(iii) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this section, if the training
is given by the holder of an airline transport pilot certificate
with a rating appropriate to the aircraft in which the training
is given, provided the training is given in accordance with the
privileges of the certificate and conducted in accordance with
an approved air carrier training program approved under part 121
or part 135 of this chapter;
(iv) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this section, if the training
is given by a person who is qualified in accordance with subpart
C of part 142 of this chapter, provided the training is
conducted in accordance with an approved part 142 training
program; or
(v) Under paragraph (i)(2)(iii) of this section, if the
training is given by an authorized flight instructor under
§61.41 of this part.
(j) Age limitation for certain operations (1) Age
limitation. No person who holds a pilot certificate issued
under this part may serve as a pilot on a civil airplane of U.S.
registry in the following operations if the person has reached
his or her 65th birthday:
(i) Scheduled international air services carrying passengers
in turbojet-powered airplanes;
(ii) Scheduled international air services carrying passengers
in airplanes having a passenger-seat configuration of more than
nine passenger seats, excluding each crewmember seat;
(iii) Nonscheduled international air transportation for
compensation or hire in airplanes having a passenger-seat
configuration of more than 30 passenger seats, excluding each
crewmember seat; or
(iv) Scheduled international air services, or nonscheduled
international air transportation for compensation or hire, in
airplanes having a payload capacity of more than 7,500 pounds.
(2) Age Pairing Requirement. No person who has
attained the age of 60 but who has not attained the age of 65
may serve as a pilot in command in any of the operations
described in paragraphs (j)(1)(i) through (iv) of this section
unless there is another pilot in the flight deck crew who has
not yet attained 60 years of age.
(3) Definitions. (i) “International air service,” as
used in this paragraph (j), means scheduled air service
performed in airplanes for the public transport of passengers,
mail, or cargo, in which the service passes through the airspace
over the territory of more than one country.
(ii) “International air transportation,” as used in this
paragraph (j), means air transportation performed in airplanes
for the public transport of passengers, mail, or cargo, in which
the service passes through the airspace over the territory of
more than one country.
(k) Special purpose pilot authorization. Any person
that is required to hold a special purpose pilot authorization,
issued in accordance with §61.77 of this part, must have that
authorization and the person's foreign pilot license in that
person's physical possession or have it readily accessible in
the aircraft when exercising the privileges of that
authorization.
(l) Inspection of certificate. Each person who holds
an airman certificate, medical certificate, authorization, or
license required by this part must present it and their photo
identification as described in paragraph (a)(2) of this section
for inspection upon a request from:
(1) The Administrator;
(2) An authorized representative of the National
Transportation Safety Board;
(3) Any Federal, State, or local law enforcement officer; or
(4) An authorized representative of the Transportation
Security Administration.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40894, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–111, 67 FR 65861, Oct. 28,
2002; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44864, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–123, 74
FR 34234, July 15, 2009; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42546, Aug. 21,
2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53644, Oct. 20, 2009]
§ 61.4 Qualification and approval of flight simulators and
flight training devices.
top (a) Except as specified in paragraph (b) or (c) of this
section, each flight simulator and flight training device used
for training, and for which an airman is to receive credit to
satisfy any training, testing, or checking requirement under
this chapter, must be qualified and approved by the
Administrator for—
(1) The training, testing, and checking for which it is used;
(2) Each particular maneuver, procedure, or crewmember
function performed; and
(3) The representation of the specific category and class of
aircraft, type of aircraft, particular variation within the type
of aircraft, or set of aircraft for certain flight training
devices.
(b) Any device used for flight training, testing, or checking
that has been determined to be acceptable to or approved by the
Administrator prior to August 1, 1996, which can be shown to
function as originally designed, is considered to be a flight
training device, provided it is used for the same purposes for
which it was originally accepted or approved and only to the
extent of such acceptance or approval.
(c) The Administrator may approve a device other than a
flight simulator or flight training device for specific
purposes.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40895, July 30, 1997]
§ 61.5 Certificates and ratings issued under this part.
top (a) The following certificates are issued under this part to
an applicant who satisfactorily accomplishes the training and
certification requirements for the certificate sought:
(1) Pilot certificates—
(i) Student pilot.
(ii) Sport pilot.
(iii) Recreational pilot.
(iv) Private pilot.
(v) Commercial pilot.
(vi) Airline transport pilot.
(2) Flight instructor certificates.
(3) Ground instructor certificates.
(b) The following ratings are placed on a pilot certificate
(other than student pilot) when an applicant satisfactorily
accomplishes the training and certification requirements for the
rating sought:
(1) Aircraft category ratings—
(i) Airplane.
(ii) Rotorcraft.
(iii) Glider.
(iv) Lighter-than-air.
(v) Powered-lift.
(vi) Powered parachute.
(vii) Weight-shift-control aircraft.
(2) Airplane class ratings—
(i) Single-engine land.
(ii) Multiengine land.
(iii) Single-engine sea.
(iv) Multiengine sea.
(3) Rotorcraft class ratings—
(i) Helicopter.
(ii) Gyroplane.
(4) Lighter-than-air class ratings—
(i) Airship.
(ii) Balloon.
(5) Weight-shift-control aircraft class ratings—
(i) Weight-shift-control aircraft land.
(ii) Weight-shift-control aircraft sea.
(6) Powered parachute class ratings—
(i) Powered parachute land.
(ii) Powered parachute sea.
(7) Aircraft type ratings—
(i) Large aircraft other than lighter-than-air.
(ii) Turbojet-powered airplanes.
(iii) Other aircraft type ratings specified by the
Administrator through the aircraft type certification
procedures.
(iv) Second-in-command pilot type rating for aircraft that is
certificated for operations with a minimum crew of at least two
pilots.
(8) Instrument ratings (on private and commercial pilot
certificates only)—
(i) Instrument—Airplane.
(ii) Instrument—Helicopter.
(iii) Instrument—Powered-lift.
(c) The following ratings are placed on a flight instructor
certificate when an applicant satisfactorily accomplishes the
training and certification requirements for the rating sought:
(1) Aircraft category ratings—
(i) Airplane.
(ii) Rotorcraft.
(iii) Glider.
(iv) Powered-lift.
(2) Airplane class ratings—
(i) Single-engine.
(ii) Multiengine.
(3) Rotorcraft class ratings—
(i) Helicopter.
(ii) Gyroplane.
(4) Instrument ratings—
(i) Instrument—Airplane.
(ii) Instrument—Helicopter.
(iii) Instrument—Powered-lift.
(5) Sport pilot rating.
(d) The following ratings are placed on a ground instructor
certificate when an applicant satisfactorily accomplishes the
training and certification requirements for the rating sought:
(1) Basic.
(2) Advanced.
(3) Instrument.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44864, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–113, 70 FR
45271, Aug. 4, 2005]
§ 61.7 Obsolete certificates and ratings.
top (a) The holder of a free-balloon pilot certificate issued
before November 1, 1973, may not exercise the privileges of that
certificate.
(b) The holder of a pilot certificate that bears any of the
following category ratings without an associated class rating
may not exercise the privileges of that category rating:
(1) Rotorcraft.
(2) Lighter-than-air.
(3) Helicopter.
(4) Autogyro.
§ 61.9 [Reserved]
top
§ 61.11 Expired pilot certificates and re-issuance.
top (a) No person who holds an expired pilot certificate or
rating may act as pilot in command or as a required pilot flight
crewmember of an aircraft of the same category or class that is
listed on that expired pilot certificate or rating.
(b) The following pilot certificates and ratings have expired
and will not be reissued:
(1) An airline transport pilot certificate issued before May
1, 1949, or an airline transport pilot certificate that contains
a horsepower limitation.
(2) A private or commercial pilot certificate issued before
July 1, 1945.
(3) A pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air or
free-balloon rating issued before July 1, 1945.
(c) An airline transport pilot certificate that was issued
after April 30, 1949, and that bears an expiration date but does
not contain a horsepower limitation, may have that airline
transport pilot certificate re-issued without an expiration
date.
(d) A private or commercial pilot certificate that was issued
after June 30, 1945, and that bears an expiration date, may have
that pilot certificate reissued without an expiration date.
(e) A pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air or
free-balloon rating that was issued after June 30, 1945, and
that bears an expiration date, may have that pilot certificate
reissued without an expiration date.
[Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42547, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.13 Issuance of airman certificates, ratings, and
authorizations.
top (a) Application. (1) An applicant for an airman
certificate, rating, or authorization under this part must make
that application on a form and in a manner acceptable to the
Administrator.
(2) An applicant—
(i) Must show evidence that the appropriate fee prescribed in
appendix A to part 187 of this chapter has been paid when that
person applies for airmen certification services administered
outside the United States.
(A) Student pilot certificate that is issued outside the
United States; or
(B) Knowledge test or practical test for an airman
certificate or rating issued under this part, if the test is
administered outside the United States.
(ii) May be refused issuance of any U.S. airman certificate,
rating, or authorization by the Administrator.
(3) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this
section, an applicant who satisfactorily accomplishes the
training and certification requirements for the certificate,
rating, or authorization sought is entitled to receive that
airman certificate, rating, or authorization.
(b) Limitations. (1) An applicant who cannot comply
with certain areas of operation required on the practical test
because of physical limitations may be issued an airman
certificate, rating, or authorization with the appropriate
limitation placed on the applicant's airman certificate provided
the—
(i) Applicant is able to meet all other certification
requirements for the airman certificate, rating, or
authorization sought;
(ii) Physical limitation has been recorded with the FAA on
the applicant's medical records; and
(iii) Administrator determines that the applicant's inability
to perform the particular area of operation will not adversely
affect safety.
(2) A limitation placed on a person's airman certificate may
be removed, provided that person demonstrates for an examiner
satisfactory proficiency in the area of operation appropriate to
the airman certificate, rating, or authorization sought.
(c) Additional requirements for Category II and Category
III pilot authorizations. (1) A Category II or Category III
pilot authorization is issued by a letter of authorization as
part of an applicant's instrument rating or airline transport
pilot certificate.
(2) Upon original issue, the authorization contains the
following limitations:
(i) For Category II operations, the limitation is 1,600 feet
RVR and a 150-foot decision height; and
(ii) For Category III operations, each initial limitation is
specified in the authorization document.
(3) The limitations on a Category II or Category III pilot
authorization may be removed as follows:
(i) In the case of Category II limitations, a limitation is
removed when the holder shows that, since the beginning of the
sixth preceding month, the holder has made three Category II ILS
approaches with a 150-foot decision height to a landing under
actual or simulated instrument conditions.
(ii) In the case of Category III limitations, a limitation is
removed as specified in the authorization.
(4) To meet the experience requirements of paragraph (c)(3)
of this section, and for the practical test required by this
part for a Category II or a Category III pilot authorization, a
flight simulator or flight training device may be used if it is
approved by the Administrator for such use.
(d) Application during suspension or revocation. (1)
Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator, a person whose
pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor certificate has
been suspended may not apply for any certificate, rating, or
authorization during the period of suspension.
(2) Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator, a
person whose pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor
certificate has been revoked may not apply for any certificate,
rating, or authorization for 1 year after the date of
revocation.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40895, July 30, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–116, 72 FR 18558, Apr. 12, 2007]
§ 61.14 [Reserved]
top
§ 61.15 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.
top (a) A conviction for the violation of any Federal or State
statute relating to the growing, processing, manufacture, sale,
disposition, possession, transportation, or importation of
narcotic drugs, marijuana, or depressant or stimulant drugs or
substances is grounds for:
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1
year after the date of final conviction; or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part.
(b) Committing an act prohibited by §91.17(a) or §91.19(a) of
this chapter is grounds for:
(1) Denial of an application for a certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1
year after the date of that act; or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part.
(c) For the purposes of paragraphs (d), (e), and (f) of this
section, a motor vehicle action means:
(1) A conviction after November 29, 1990, for the violation
of any Federal or State statute relating to the operation of a
motor vehicle while intoxicated by alcohol or a drug, while
impaired by alcohol or a drug, or while under the influence of
alcohol or a drug;
(2) The cancellation, suspension, or revocation of a license
to operate a motor vehicle after November 29, 1990, for a cause
related to the operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by
alcohol or a drug, while impaired by alcohol or a drug, or while
under the influence of alcohol or a drug; or
(3) The denial after November 29, 1990, of an application for
a license to operate a motor vehicle for a cause related to the
operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by alcohol or a
drug, while impaired by alcohol or a drug, or while under the
influence of alcohol or a drug.
(d) Except for a motor vehicle action that results from the
same incident or arises out of the same factual circumstances, a
motor vehicle action occurring within 3 years of a previous
motor vehicle action is grounds for:
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1
year after the date of the last motor vehicle action; or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part.
(e) Each person holding a certificate issued under this part
shall provide a written report of each motor vehicle action to
the FAA, Civil Aviation Security Division (AMC–700), P.O. Box
25810, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, not later than 60 days after the
motor vehicle action. The report must include:
(1) The person's name, address, date of birth, and airman
certificate number;
(2) The type of violation that resulted in the conviction or
the administrative action;
(3) The date of the conviction or administrative action;
(4) The State that holds the record of conviction or
administrative action; and
(5) A statement of whether the motor vehicle action resulted
from the same incident or arose out of the same factual
circumstances related to a previously reported motor vehicle
action.
(f) Failure to comply with paragraph (e) of this section is
grounds for:
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1
year after the date of the motor vehicle action; or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part.
§ 61.16 Refusal to submit to an alcohol test or to furnish
test results.
top A refusal to submit to a test to indicate the percentage by
weight of alcohol in the blood, when requested by a law
enforcement officer in accordance with §91.17(c) of this
chapter, or a refusal to furnish or authorize the release of the
test results requested by the Administrator in accordance with
§91.17(c) or (d) of this chapter, is grounds for:
(a) Denial of an application for any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1
year after the date of that refusal; or
(b) Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part.
§ 61.17 Temporary certificate.
top
(a) A temporary pilot, flight instructor, or ground
instructor certificate or rating is issued for up to 120 days,
at which time a permanent certificate will be issued to a person
whom the Administrator finds qualified under this part.
(b) A temporary pilot, flight instructor, or ground
instructor certificate or rating expires:
(1) On the expiration date shown on the certificate;
(2) Upon receipt of the permanent certificate; or
(3) Upon receipt of a notice that the certificate or rating
sought is denied or revoked.
§ 61.18 Security disqualification.
top (a) Eligibility standard. No person is eligible to
hold a certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this
part when the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) has
notified the FAA in writing that the person poses a security
threat.
(b) Effect of the issuance by the TSA of an Initial
Notification of Threat Assessment. (1) The FAA will hold in
abeyance pending the outcome of the TSA's final threat
assessment review an application for any certificate, rating, or
authorization under this part by any person who has been issued
an Initial Notification of Threat Assessment by the TSA.
(2) The FAA will suspend any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part after the TSA issues to the
holder an Initial Notification of Threat Assessment.
(c) Effect of the issuance by the TSA of a Final
Notification of Threat Assessment. (1) The FAA will deny an
application for any certificate, rating, or authorization under
this part to any person who has been issued a Final Notification
of Threat Assessment.
(2) The FAA will revoke any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part after the TSA has issued to
the holder a Final Notification of Threat Assessment.
[Doc. FAA–2003–14293, 68 FR 3774, Jan. 24, 2003]
§ 61.19 Duration of pilot and instructor certificates.
top (a) General. The holder of a certificate with an
expiration date may not, after that date, exercise the
privileges of that certificate.
(b) Student pilot certificate.
(1) For student pilots who have not reached their 40th
birthday, the student pilot certificate does not expire until 60
calendar months after the month of the date of examination shown
on the medical certificate.
(2) For student pilots who have reached their 40th birthday,
the student pilot certificate does not expire until 24 calendar
months after the month of the date of examination shown on the
medical certificate.
(3) For student pilots seeking a glider rating, balloon
rating, or a sport pilot certificate, the student pilot
certificate does not expire until 60 calendar months after the
month of the date issued, regardless of the person's age.
(c) Other pilot certificates. A pilot certificate
(other than a student pilot certificate) issued under this part
is issued without a specific expiration date. The holder of a
pilot certificate issued on the basis of a foreign pilot license
may exercise the privileges of that certificate only while that
person's foreign pilot license is effective.
(d) Flight instructor certificate. Except as specified
in §61.197(b), a flight instructor certificate expires 24
calendar months from the month in which it was issued, renewed,
or reinstated, as appropriate.
(e) Ground instructor certificate. A ground instructor
certificate is issued without a specific expiration date.
(f) Return of certificates. The holder of any airman
certificate that is issued under this part, and that has been
suspended or revoked, must return that certificate to the FAA
when requested to do so by the Administrator.
(g) Duration of pilot certificates. Except for a
temporary certificate issued under §61.17 or a student pilot
certificate issued under paragraph (b) of this section, the
holder of a paper pilot certificate issued under this part may
not exercise the privileges of that certificate after March 31,
2010.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–118, 73 FR 10668, Feb. 28, 2008; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR
42547, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53644, Oct. 20, 2009]
§ 61.21 Duration of a Category II and a Category III pilot
authorization (for other than part 121 and part 135 use).
top (a) A Category II pilot authorization or a Category III pilot
authorization expires at the end of the sixth calendar month
after the month in which it was issued or renewed.
(b) Upon passing a practical test for a Category II or
Category III pilot authorization, the authorization may be
renewed for each type of aircraft for which the authorization is
held.
(c) A Category II or Category III pilot authorization for a
specific type aircraft for which an authorization is held will
not be renewed beyond 12 calendar months from the month the
practical test was accomplished in that type aircraft.
(d) If the holder of a Category II or Category III pilot
authorization passes the practical test for a renewal in the
month before the authorization expires, the holder is considered
to have passed it during the month the authorization expired.
§ 61.23 Medical certificates: Requirement and duration.
top (a) Operations requiring a medical certificate. Except
as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, a person—
(1) Must hold a first-class medical certificate:
(i) When exercising the privileges of an airline transport
pilot certificate; or
(ii) If that person has reached his or her 60th birthday and
serves as a pilot in 14 CFR part 121 operations. Notwithstanding
the provisions of §61.23(d)(1)(iii), that person's first-class
medical certificate expires, for 14 CFR part 121 operations, at
the end of the last day of the 6th month after the month of the
date of examination shown on the medical certificate.
(2) Must hold at least a second-class medical certificate
when exercising the privileges of a commercial pilot
certificate; or
(3) Must hold at least a third-class medical certificate—
(i) When exercising the privileges of a private pilot
certificate;
(ii) When exercising the privileges of a recreational pilot
certificate;
(iii) When exercising the privileges of a student pilot
certificate;
(iv) When exercising the privileges of a flight instructor
certificate and acting as the pilot in command;
(v) When exercising the privileges of a flight instructor
certificate and serving as a required pilot flight crewmember;
(vi) When taking a practical test in an aircraft for a
recreational pilot, private pilot, commercial pilot, or airline
transport pilot certificate, or for a flight instructor
certificate; or
(vii) When performing the duties as an Examiner in an
aircraft when administering a practical test or proficiency
check for an airman certificate, rating, or authorization.
(b) Operations not requiring a medical certificate. A
person is not required to hold a medical certificate—
(1) When exercising the privileges of a student pilot
certificate while seeking—
(i) A sport pilot certificate with glider or balloon
privileges; or
(ii) A pilot certificate with a glider category rating or
balloon class rating;
(2) When exercising the privileges of a sport pilot
certificate with privileges in a glider or balloon;
(3) When exercising the privileges of a pilot certificate
with a glider category rating or balloon class rating in a
glider or a balloon, as appropriate;
(4) When exercising the privileges of a flight instructor
certificate with—
(i) A sport pilot rating in a glider or balloon; or
(ii) A glider category rating;
(5) When exercising the privileges of a flight instructor
certificate if the person is not acting as pilot in command or
serving as a required pilot flight crewmember;
(6) When exercising the privileges of a ground instructor
certificate;
(7) When serving as an Examiner or check airman and
administering a practical test or proficiency check for an
airman certificate, rating, or authorization conducted in a
glider, balloon, flight simulator, or flight training device;
(8) When taking a practical test or a proficiency check for a
certificate, rating, authorization or operating privilege
conducted in a glider, balloon, flight simulator, or flight
training device; or
(9) When a military pilot of the U.S. Armed Forces can show
evidence of an up-to-date medical examination authorizing pilot
flight status issued by the U.S. Armed Forces and—
(i) The flight does not require higher than a third-class
medical certificate; and
(ii) The flight conducted is a domestic flight operation
within U.S. airspace.
(c) Operations requiring either a medical certificate or
U.S. driver's license. (1) A person must hold and possess
either a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this
chapter or a U.S. driver's license when exercising the
privileges of—
(i) A student pilot certificate while seeking sport pilot
privileges in a light-sport aircraft other than a glider or
balloon;
(ii) A sport pilot certificate in a light-sport aircraft
other than a glider or balloon; or
(iii) A flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot
rating while acting as pilot in command or serving as a required
flight crewmember of a light-sport aircraft other than a glider
or balloon.
(2) A person using a U.S. driver's license to meet the
requirements of this paragraph must—
(i) Comply with each restriction and limitation imposed by
that person's U.S. driver's license and any judicial or
administrative order applying to the operation of a motor
vehicle;
(ii) Have been found eligible for the issuance of at least a
third-class airman medical certificate at the time of his or her
most recent application (if the person has applied for a medical
certificate);
(iii) Not have had his or her most recently issued medical
certificate (if the person has held a medical certificate)
suspended or revoked or most recent Authorization for a Special
Issuance of a Medical Certificate withdrawn; and
(iv) Not know or have reason to know of any medical condition
that would make that person unable to operate a light-sport
aircraft in a safe manner.
(d) Duration of a medical certificate. Use the
following table to determine duration for each class of medical
certificate:
If you hold |
And on the
date of
examination for your most recent medical
certificate you were |
And you are
conducting an operation
requiring |
Then your
medical certificate expires, for that operation,
at the end of the last day of the |
(1) A first-class medical certificate |
(i) Under
age 40 |
an
airline
transport pilot certificate |
12th month
after the month of the date of examination shown
on the medical certificate. |
|
(ii) Age 40
or older |
an
airline
transport pilot certificate |
6th month
after the month of the date of examination shown
on the medical certificate. |
|
(iii) Any
age |
a commercial
pilot certificate or an air traffic control
tower operator certificate |
12th month
after the month of the date of examination shown
on the medical certificate. |
|
(iv) Under
age 40 |
a
recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot
certificate, a flight instructor certificate
(when acting as pilot in command or a required
pilot flight crewmember in operations other than
glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate,
or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a
U.S. driver's license as medical qualification) |
60th month
after the month of the date of examination shown
on the medical certificate. |
|
(v) Age 40
or older |
a
recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot
certificate, a flight instructor certificate
(when acting as pilot in command or a required
pilot flight crewmember in operations other than
glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate,
or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a
U.S. driver's license as medical qualification) |
24th month
after the month of the date of examination shown
on the medical certificate. |
(2) A second-class medical certificate |
(i) Any age |
a commercial
pilot certificate or an air traffic control
tower operator certificate |
12th month
after the month of the date of examination shown
on the medical certificate. |
|
(ii) Under
age 40 |
a
recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot
certificate, a flight instructor certificate
(when acting as pilot in command or a required
pilot flight crewmember in operations other than
glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate,
or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a
U.S. driver's license as medical qualification) |
60th month
after the month of the date of examination shown
on the medical certificate. |
|
(iii) Age 40
or older |
a
recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot
certificate, a flight instructor certificate
(when acting as pilot in command or a required
pilot flight crewmember in operations other than
glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate,
or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a
U.S. driver's license as medical qualification) |
24th month
after the month of the date of examination shown
on the medical certificate. |
(3) A third-class medical certificate |
(i) Under
age 40 |
a
recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot
certificate, a flight instructor certificate
(when acting as pilot in command or a required
pilot flight crewmember in operations other than
glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate,
or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a
U.S. driver's license as medical qualification) |
60th month
after the month of the date of examination shown
on the medical certificate. |
|
(ii) Age 40
or older |
a
recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot
certificate, a flight instructor certificate
(when acting as pilot in command or a required
pilot flight crewmember in operations other than
glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate,
or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a
U.S. driver's license as medical qualification) |
24th month
after the month of the date of examination shown
on the medical certificate. |
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40895, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44864, July 27,
2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–121, 73 FR 43064, July 24, 2008;
Amdt. 61–121, 73 FR 48125, Aug. 18, 2008; Amdt. 61–123, 74 FR
34234, July 15, 2009; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42547, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.25 Change of name.
top (a) An application to change the name on a certificate issued
under this part must be accompanied by the applicant's:
(1) Airman certificate; and
(2) A copy of the marriage license, court order, or other
document verifying the name change.
(b) The documents in paragraph (a) of this section will be
returned to the applicant after inspection.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.27 Voluntary surrender or exchange of certificate.
top (a) The holder of a certificate issued under this part may
voluntarily surrender it for:
(1) Cancellation;
(2) Issuance of a lower grade certificate; or
(3) Another certificate with specific ratings deleted.
(b) Any request made under paragraph (a) of this section must
include the following signed statement or its equivalent: “This
request is made for my own reasons, with full knowledge that my
(insert name of certificate or rating, as appropriate) may not
be reissued to me unless I again pass the tests prescribed for
its issuance.”
§ 61.29 Replacement of a lost or destroyed airman or
medical certificate or knowledge test report.
top (a) A request for the replacement of a lost or destroyed
airman certificate issued under this part must be made by letter
to the Department of Transportation, FAA, Airman Certification
Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, and must be
accompanied by a check or money order for the appropriate fee
payable to the FAA.
(b) A request for the replacement of a lost or destroyed
medical certificate must be made by letter to the Department of
Transportation, FAA, Aerospace Medical Certification Division,
P.O. Box 26200, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, and must be accompanied
by a check or money order for the appropriate fee payable to the
FAA.
(c) A request for the replacement of a lost or destroyed
knowledge test report must be made by letter to the Department
of Transportation, FAA, Airman Certification Branch, P.O. Box
25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, and must be accompanied by a
check or money order for the appropriate fee payable to the FAA.
(d) The letter requesting replacement of a lost or destroyed
airman certificate, medical certificate, or knowledge test
report must state:
(1) The name of the person;
(2) The permanent mailing address (including ZIP code), or if
the permanent mailing address includes a post office box number,
then the person's current residential address;
(3) The certificate holder's date and place of birth; and
(4) Any information regarding the—
(i) Grade, number, and date of issuance of the airman
certificate and ratings, if appropriate;
(ii) Class of medical certificate, the place and date of the
medical exam, name of the Airman Medical Examiner (AME), and the
circumstances concerning the loss of the original medical
certificate, as appropriate; and
(iii) Date the knowledge test was taken, if appropriate.
(e) A person who has lost an airman certificate, medical
certificate, or knowledge test report may obtain a facsimile
from the FAA Aeromedical Certification Branch or the Airman
Certification Branch, as appropriate, confirming that it was
issued and the:
(1) Facsimile may be carried as an airman certificate,
medical certificate, or knowledge test report, as appropriate,
for up to 60 days pending the person's receipt of a duplicate
under paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section, unless the
person has been notified that the certificate has been suspended
or revoked.
(2) Request for such a facsimile must include the date on
which a duplicate certificate or knowledge test report was
previously requested.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40896, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–121, 73 FR 43065, July 24,
2008; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.31 Type rating requirements, additional training, and
authorization requirements.
top (a) Type ratings required. A person who acts as a
pilot in command of any of the following aircraft must hold a
type rating for that aircraft:
(1) Large aircraft (except lighter-than-air).
(2) Turbojet-powered airplanes.
(3) Other aircraft specified by the Administrator through
aircraft type certificate procedures.
(b) Authorization in lieu of a type rating. A person
may be authorized to operate without a type rating for up to 60
days an aircraft requiring a type rating, provided—
(1) The Administrator has authorized the flight or series of
flights;
(2) The Administrator has determined that an equivalent level
of safety can be achieved through the operating limitations on
the authorization;
(3) The person shows that compliance with paragraph (a) of
this section is impracticable for the flight or series of
flights; and
(4) The flight—
(i) Involves only a ferry flight, training flight, test
flight, or practical test for a pilot certificate or rating;
(ii) Is within the United States;
(iii) Does not involve operations for compensation or hire
unless the compensation or hire involves payment for the use of
the aircraft for training or taking a practical test; and
(iv) Involves only the carriage of flight crewmembers
considered essential for the flight.
(5) If the flight or series of flights cannot be accomplished
within the time limit of the authorization, the Administrator
may authorize an additional period of up to 60 days to
accomplish the flight or series of flights.
(c) Aircraft category, class, and type ratings:
Limitations on the carriage of persons, or operating for
compensation or hire. Unless a person holds a category,
class, and type rating (if a class and type rating is required)
that applies to the aircraft, that person may not act as pilot
in command of an aircraft that is carrying another person, or is
operated for compensation or hire. That person also may not act
as pilot in command of that aircraft for compensation or hire.
(d) Aircraft category, class, and type ratings:
Limitations on operating an aircraft as the pilot in command.
To serve as the pilot in command of an aircraft, a person
must—
(1) Hold the appropriate category, class, and type rating (if
a class or type rating is required) for the aircraft to be
flown; or
(2) Have received training required by this part that is
appropriate to the pilot certification level, aircraft category,
class, and type rating (if a class or type rating is required)
for the aircraft to be flown, and have received an endorsement
for solo flight in that aircraft from an authorized instructor.
(e) Additional training required for operating complex
airplanes. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (e)(2) of
this section, no person may act as pilot in command of a complex
airplane (an airplane that has a retractable landing gear,
flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller; or, in the case of a
seaplane, flaps and a controllable pitch propeller), unless the
person has—
(i) Received and logged ground and flight training from an
authorized instructor in a complex airplane, or in a flight
simulator or flight training device that is representative of a
complex airplane, and has been found proficient in the operation
and systems of the airplane; and
(ii) Received a one-time endorsement in the pilot's logbook
from an authorized instructor who certifies the person is
proficient to operate a complex airplane.
(2) The training and endorsement required by paragraph (e)(1)
of this section is not required if the person has logged flight
time as pilot in command of a complex airplane, or in a flight
simulator or flight training device that is representative of a
complex airplane prior to August 4, 1997.
(f) Additional training required for operating
high-performance airplanes. (1) Except as provided in
paragraph (f)(2) of this section, no person may act as pilot in
command of a high-performance airplane (an airplane with an
engine of more than 200 horsepower), unless the person has—
(i) Received and logged ground and flight training from an
authorized instructor in a high-performance airplane, or in a
flight simulator or flight training device that is
representative of a high-performance airplane, and has been
found proficient in the operation and systems of the airplane;
and
(ii) Received a one-time endorsement in the pilot's logbook
from an authorized instructor who certifies the person is
proficient to operate a high-performance airplane.
(2) The training and endorsement required by paragraph (f)(1)
of this section is not required if the person has logged flight
time as pilot in command of a high-performance airplane, or in a
flight simulator or flight training device that is
representative of a high-performance airplane prior to August 4,
1997.
(g) Additional training required for operating pressurized
aircraft capable of operating at high altitudes. (1) Except
as provided in paragraph (g)(3) of this section, no person may
act as pilot in command of a pressurized aircraft (an aircraft
that has a service ceiling or maximum operating altitude,
whichever is lower, above 25,000 feet MSL), unless that person
has received and logged ground training from an authorized
instructor and obtained an endorsement in the person's logbook
or training record from an authorized instructor who certifies
the person has satisfactorily accomplished the ground training.
The ground training must include at least the following
subjects:
(i) High-altitude aerodynamics and meteorology;
(ii) Respiration;
(iii) Effects, symptoms, and causes of hypoxia and any other
high-altitude sickness;
(iv) Duration of consciousness without supplemental oxygen;
(v) Effects of prolonged usage of supplemental oxygen;
(vi) Causes and effects of gas expansion and gas bubble
formation;
(vii) Preventive measures for eliminating gas expansion, gas
bubble formation, and high-altitude sickness;
(viii) Physical phenomena and incidents of decompression; and
(ix) Any other physiological aspects of high-altitude flight.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (g)(3) of this section,
no person may act as pilot in command of a pressurized aircraft
unless that person has received and logged training from an
authorized instructor in a pressurized aircraft, or in a flight
simulator or flight training device that is representative of a
pressurized aircraft, and obtained an endorsement in the
person's logbook or training record from an authorized
instructor who found the person proficient in the operation of a
pressurized aircraft. The flight training must include at least
the following subjects:
(i) Normal cruise flight operations while operating above
25,000 feet MSL;
(ii) Proper emergency procedures for simulated rapid
decompression without actually depressurizing the aircraft; and
(iii) Emergency descent procedures.
(3) The training and endorsement required by paragraphs
(g)(1) and (g)(2) of this section are not required if that
person can document satisfactory accomplishment of any of the
following in a pressurized aircraft, or in a flight simulator or
flight training device that is representative of a pressurized
aircraft:
(i) Serving as pilot in command before April 15, 1991;
(ii) Completing a pilot proficiency check for a pilot
certificate or rating before April 15, 1991;
(iii) Completing an official pilot-in-command check conducted
by the military services of the United States; or
(iv) Completing a pilot-in-command proficiency check under
part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter conducted by the
Administrator or by an approved pilot check airman.
(h) Additional aircraft type-specific training. No
person may serve as pilot in command of an aircraft that the
Administrator has determined requires aircraft type-specific
training unless that person has—
(1) Received and logged type-specific training in the
aircraft, or in a flight simulator or flight training device
that is representative of that type of aircraft; and
(2) Received a logbook endorsement from an authorized
instructor who has found the person proficient in the operation
of the aircraft and its systems.
(i) Additional training required for operating tailwheel
airplanes. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (i)(2) of
this section, no person may act as pilot in command of a
tailwheel airplane unless that person has received and logged
flight training from an authorized instructor in a tailwheel
airplane and received an endorsement in the person's logbook
from an authorized instructor who found the person proficient in
the operation of a tailwheel airplane. The flight training must
include at least the following maneuvers and procedures:
(i) Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings;
(ii) Wheel landings (unless the manufacturer has recommended
against such landings); and
(iii) Go-around procedures.
(2) The training and endorsement required by paragraph (i)(1)
of this section is not required if the person logged
pilot-in-command time in a tailwheel airplane before April 15,
1991.
(j) Additional training required for operating a glider.
(1) No person may act as pilot in command of a glider—
(i) Using ground-tow procedures, unless that person has
satisfactorily accomplished ground and flight training on
ground-tow procedures and operations, and has received an
endorsement from an authorized instructor who certifies in that
pilot's logbook that the pilot has been found proficient in
ground-tow procedures and operations;
(ii) Using aerotow procedures, unless that person has
satisfactorily accomplished ground and flight training on
aerotow procedures and operations, and has received an
endorsement from an authorized instructor who certifies in that
pilot's logbook that the pilot has been found proficient in
aerotow procedures and operations; or
(iii) Using self-launch procedures, unless that person has
satisfactorily accomplished ground and flight training on
self-launch procedures and operations, and has received an
endorsement from an authorized instructor who certifies in that
pilot's logbook that the pilot has been found proficient in
self-launch procedures and operations.
(2) The holder of a glider rating issued prior to August 4,
1997, is considered to be in compliance with the training and
logbook endorsement requirements of this paragraph for the
specific operating privilege for which the holder is already
qualified.
(k) Additional training required for night vision goggle
operations. (1) Except as provided under paragraph (k)(3) of
this section, a person may act as pilot in command of an
aircraft using night vision goggles only if that person receives
and logs ground training from an authorized instructor and
obtains a logbook or training record endorsement from an
authorized instructor who certifies the person completed the
ground training. The ground training must include the following
subjects:
(i) Applicable portions of this chapter that relate to night
vision goggle limitations and flight operations;
(ii) Aeromedical factors related to the use of night vision
goggles, including how to protect night vision, how the eyes
adapt to night, self-imposed stresses that affect night vision,
effects of lighting on night vision, cues used to estimate
distance and depth perception at night, and visual illusions;
(iii) Normal, abnormal, and emergency operations of night
vision goggle equipment;
(iv) Night vision goggle performance and scene
interpretation; and
(v) Night vision goggle operation flight planning, including
night terrain interpretation and factors affecting terrain
interpretation.
(2) Except as provided under paragraph (k)(3) of this
section, a person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft
using night vision goggles only if that person receives and logs
flight training from an authorized instructor and obtains a
logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized
instructor who found the person proficient in the use of night
vision goggles. The flight training must include the following
tasks:
(i) Preflight and use of internal and external aircraft
lighting systems for night vision goggle operations;
(ii) Preflight preparation of night vision goggles for night
vision goggle operations;
(iii) Proper piloting techniques when using night vision
goggles during the takeoff, climb, enroute, descent, and landing
phases of flight; and
(iv) Normal, abnormal, and emergency flight operations using
night vision goggles.
(3) The requirements under paragraphs (k)(1) and (2) of this
section do not apply if a person can document satisfactory
completion of any of the following pilot proficiency checks
using night vision goggles in an aircraft:
(i) A pilot proficiency check on night vision goggle
operations conducted by the U.S. Armed Forces.
(ii) A pilot proficiency check on night vision goggle
operations under part 135 of this chapter conducted by an
Examiner or Check Airman.
(iii) A pilot proficiency check on night vision goggle
operations conducted by a night vision goggle manufacturer or
authorized instructor, when the pilot—
(A) Is employed by a Federal, State, county, or municipal law
enforcement agency; and
(B) Has logged at least 20 hours as pilot in command in night
vision goggle operations.
(l) Exceptions. (1) This section does not require a
category and class rating for aircraft not type-certificated as
airplanes, rotorcraft, gliders, lighter-than-air aircraft,
powered-lifts, powered parachutes, or weight-shift-control
aircraft.
(2) The rating limitations of this section do not apply to—
(i) An applicant when taking a practical test given by an
examiner;
(ii) The holder of a student pilot certificate;
(iii) The holder of a pilot certificate when operating an
aircraft under the authority of—
(A) A provisional type certificate; or
(B) An experimental certificate, unless the operation
involves carrying a passenger;
(iv) The holder of a pilot certificate with a
lighter-than-air category rating when operating a balloon;
(v) The holder of a recreational pilot certificate operating
under the provisions of §61.101(h); or
(vi) The holder of a sport pilot certificate when operating a
light-sport aircraft.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40896, July 30, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR
44865, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.33 Tests: General procedure.
top Tests prescribed by or under this part are given at times and
places, and by persons designated by the Administrator.
§ 61.35 Knowledge test: Prerequisites and passing grades.
top
(a) An applicant for a knowledge test must have:
(1) Received an endorsement, if required by this part, from
an authorized instructor certifying that the applicant
accomplished the appropriate ground-training or a home-study
course required by this part for the certificate or rating
sought and is prepared for the knowledge test; and
(2) Proper identification at the time of application that
contains the applicant's—
(i) Photograph;
(ii) Signature;
(iii) Date of birth, which shows the applicant meets or will
meet the age requirements of this part for the certificate
sought before the expiration date of the airman knowledge test
report; and
(iv) If the permanent mailing is a post office box number,
then the applicant must provide a current residential address.
(b) The Administrator shall specify the minimum passing grade
for the knowledge test.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR
42548, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.37 Knowledge tests: Cheating or other unauthorized
conduct.
top (a) An applicant for a knowledge test may not:
(1) Copy or intentionally remove any knowledge test;
(2) Give to another applicant or receive from another
applicant any part or copy of a knowledge test;
(3) Give assistance on, or receive assistance on, a knowledge
test during the period that test is being given;
(4) Take any part of a knowledge test on behalf of another
person;
(5) Be represented by, or represent, another person for a
knowledge test;
(6) Use any material or aid during the period that the test
is being given, unless specifically authorized to do so by the
Administrator; and
(7) Intentionally cause, assist, or participate in any act
prohibited by this paragraph.
(b) An applicant who the Administrator finds has committed an
act prohibited by paragraph (a) of this section is prohibited,
for 1 year after the date of committing that act, from:
(1) Applying for any certificate, rating, or authorization
issued under this chapter; and
(2) Applying for and taking any test under this chapter.
(c) Any certificate or rating held by an applicant may be
suspended or revoked if the Administrator finds that person has
committed an act prohibited by paragraph (a) of this section.
§ 61.39 Prerequisites for practical tests.
top (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this
section, to be eligible for a practical test for a certificate
or rating issued under this part, an applicant must:
(1) Pass the required knowledge test within the
24-calendar-month period preceding the month the applicant
completes the practical test, if a knowledge test is required;
(2) Present the knowledge test report at the time of
application for the practical test, if a knowledge test is
required;
(3) Have satisfactorily accomplished the required training
and obtained the aeronautical experience prescribed by this part
for the certificate or rating sought;
(4) Hold at least a third-class medical certificate, if a
medical certificate is required;
(5) Meet the prescribed age requirement of this part for the
issuance of the certificate or rating sought;
(6) Have an endorsement, if required by this part, in the
applicant's logbook or training record that has been signed by
an authorized instructor who certifies that the applicant—
(i) Has received and logged training time within 2 calendar
months preceding the month of application in preparation for the
practical test;
(ii) Is prepared for the required practical test; and
(iii) Has demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject
areas in which the applicant was deficient on the airman
knowledge test; and
(7) Have a completed and signed application form.
(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs (a)(1) and
(2) of this section, an applicant for an airline transport pilot
certificate or an additional rating to an airline transport
certificate may take the practical test for that certificate or
rating with an expired knowledge test report, provided that the
applicant:
(1) Is employed as a flight crewmember by a certificate
holder under part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter at the time
of the practical test and has satisfactorily accomplished that
operator's approved—
(i) Pilot in command aircraft qualification training program
that is appropriate to the certificate and rating sought; and
(ii) Qualification training requirements appropriate to the
certificate and rating sought; or
(2) Is employed by the U.S. Armed Forces as a flight
crewmember in U.S. military air transport operations at the time
of the practical test and has completed the pilot in command
aircraft qualification training program that is appropriate to
the pilot certificate and rating sought.
(c) A person is not required to comply with the provisions of
paragraph (a)(6) of this section if that person:
(1) Holds a foreign pilot license issued by a contracting
State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation that
authorizes at least the privileges of the pilot certificate
sought;
(2) Is only applying for a type rating; or
(3) Is applying for an airline transport pilot certificate or
an additional rating to an airline transport pilot certificate
in an aircraft that does not require an aircraft type rating
practical test.
(d) If all increments of the practical test for a certificate
or rating are not completed on the same date, then all the
remaining increments of the test must be completed within 2
calendar months after the month the applicant began the test.
(e) If all increments of the practical test for a certificate
or rating are not completed within 2 calendar months after the
month the applicant began the test, the applicant must retake
the entire practical test.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40897, July 30, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR
20286, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.41 Flight training received from flight instructors
not certificated by the FAA.
top (a) A person may credit flight training toward the
requirements of a pilot certificate or rating issued under this
part, if that person received the training from:
(1) A flight instructor of an Armed Force in a program for
training military pilots of either—
(i) The United States; or
(ii) A foreign contracting State to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation.
(2) A flight instructor who is authorized to give such
training by the licensing authority of a foreign contracting
State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, and the
flight training is given outside the United States.
(b) A flight instructor described in paragraph (a) of this
section is only authorized to give endorsements to show training
given.
§ 61.43 Practical tests: General procedures.
top (a) Completion of the practical test for a certificate or
rating consists of—
(1) Performing the tasks specified in the areas of operation
for the airman certificate or rating sought within the approved
practical test standards;
(2) Demonstrating mastery of the aircraft by performing each
task successfully;
(3) Demonstrating proficiency and competency within the
approved standards; and
(4) Demonstrating sound judgment.
(b) The pilot flight crew complement required during the
practical test is based on one of the following requirements
that applies to the aircraft being used on the practical test:
(1) If the aircraft's FAA-approved flight manual requires the
pilot flight crew complement be a single pilot, then the
applicant must demonstrate single pilot proficiency on the
practical test.
(2) If the aircraft's type certification data sheet requires
the pilot flight crew complement be a single pilot, then the
applicant must demonstrate single pilot proficiency on the
practical test.
(3) If the FAA Flight Standardization Board report,
FAA-approved aircraft flight manual, or aircraft type
certification data sheet allows the pilot flight crew complement
to be either a single pilot, or a pilot and a copilot, then the
applicant may demonstrate single pilot proficiency or have a
copilot on the practical test. If the applicant performs the
practical test with a copilot, the limitation of “Second in
Command Required” will be placed on the applicant's pilot
certificate. The limitation may be removed if the applicant
passes the practical test by demonstrating single-pilot
proficiency in the aircraft in which single-pilot privileges are
sought.
(c) If an applicant fails any area of operation, that
applicant fails the practical test.
(d) An applicant is not eligible for a certificate or rating
sought until all the areas of operation are passed.
(e) The examiner or the applicant may discontinue a practical
test at any time:
(1) When the applicant fails one or more of the areas of
operation; or
(2) Due to inclement weather conditions, aircraft
airworthiness, or any other safety-of-flight concern.
(f) If a practical test is discontinued, the applicant is
entitled credit for those areas of operation that were passed,
but only if the applicant:
(1) Passes the remainder of the practical test within the
60-day period after the date the practical test was
discontinued;
(2) Presents to the examiner for the retest the original
notice of disapproval form or the letter of discontinuance form,
as appropriate;
(3) Satisfactorily accomplishes any additional training
needed and obtains the appropriate instructor endorsements, if
additional training is required; and
(4) Presents to the examiner for the retest a properly
completed and signed application.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42549, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.45 Practical tests: Required aircraft and equipment.
top (a) General. Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of
this section or when permitted to accomplish the entire flight
increment of the practical test in a flight simulator or a
flight training device, an applicant for a certificate or rating
issued under this part must furnish:
(1) An aircraft of U.S. registry for each required test that—
(i) Is of the category, class, and type, if applicable, for
which the applicant is applying for a certificate or rating; and
(ii) Has a standard airworthiness certificate or special
airworthiness certificate in the limited, primary, or
light-sport category.
(2) At the discretion of the examiner who administers the
practical test, the applicant may furnish—
(i) An aircraft that has an airworthiness certificate other
than a standard airworthiness certificate or special
airworthiness certificate in the limited, primary, or
light-sport category, but that otherwise meets the requirements
of paragraph (a)(1) of this section;
(ii) An aircraft of the same category, class, and type, if
applicable, of foreign registry that is properly certificated by
the country of registry; or
(iii) A military aircraft of the same category, class, and
type, if aircraft class and type are appropriate, for which the
applicant is applying for a certificate or rating, and provided—
(A) The aircraft is under the direct operational control of
the U.S. Armed Forces;
(B) The aircraft is airworthy under the maintenance standards
of the U.S. Armed Forces; and
(C) The applicant has a letter from his or her commanding
officer authorizing the use of the aircraft for the practical
test.
(b) Required equipment (other than controls). (1)
Except as provided in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, an
aircraft used for a practical test must have—
(i) The equipment for each area of operation required for the
practical test;
(ii) No prescribed operating limitations that prohibit its
use in any of the areas of operation required for the practical
test;
(iii) Except as provided in paragraphs (e) and (f) of this
section, at least two pilot stations with adequate visibility
for each person to operate the aircraft safely; and
(iv) Cockpit and outside visibility adequate to evaluate the
performance of the applicant when an additional jump seat is
provided for the examiner.
(2) An applicant for a certificate or rating may use an
aircraft with operating characteristics that preclude the
applicant from performing all of the tasks required for the
practical test. However, the applicant's certificate or rating,
as appropriate, will be issued with an appropriate limitation.
(c) Required controls. Except for lighter-than-air
aircraft, and a glider without an engine, an aircraft used for a
practical test must have engine power controls and flight
controls that are easily reached and operable in a conventional
manner by both pilots, unless the Examiner determines that the
practical test can be conducted safely in the aircraft without
the controls easily reached by the Examiner.
(d) Simulated instrument flight equipment. An
applicant for a practical test that involves maneuvering an
aircraft solely by reference to instruments must furnish:
(1) Equipment on board the aircraft that permits the
applicant to pass the areas of operation that apply to the
rating sought; and
(2) A device that prevents the applicant from having visual
reference outside the aircraft, but does not prevent the
examiner from having visual reference outside the aircraft, and
is otherwise acceptable to the Administrator.
(e) Aircraft with single controls. A practical test
may be conducted in an aircraft having a single set of controls,
provided the:
(1) Examiner agrees to conduct the test;
(2) Test does not involve a demonstration of instrument
skills; and
(3) Proficiency of the applicant can be observed by an
examiner who is in a position to observe the applicant.
(f) Light-sport aircraft with a single seat. A
practical test for a sport pilot certificate may be conducted in
a light-sport aircraft having a single seat provided that the—
(1) Examiner agrees to conduct the test;
(2) Examiner is in a position to observe the operation of the
aircraft and evaluate the proficiency of the applicant; and
(3) Pilot certificate of an applicant successfully passing
the test is issued a pilot certificate with a limitation “No
passenger carriage and flight in a single-seat light-sport
aircraft only.”
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40897, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. 23,
1998; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44865, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74
FR 42549, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.47 Status of an examiner who is authorized by the
Administrator to conduct practical tests.
top (a) An examiner represents the Administrator for the purpose
of conducting practical tests for certificates and ratings
issued under this part and to observe an applicant's ability to
perform the areas of operation on the practical test.
(b) The examiner is not the pilot in command of the aircraft
during the practical test unless the examiner agrees to act in
that capacity for the flight or for a portion of the flight by
prior arrangement with:
(1) The applicant; or
(2) A person who would otherwise act as pilot in command of
the flight or for a portion of the flight.
(c) Notwithstanding the type of aircraft used during the
practical test, the applicant and the examiner (and any other
occupants authorized to be on board by the examiner) are not
subject to the requirements or limitations for the carriage of
passengers that are specified in this chapter.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40897, July 30, 1997]
§ 61.49 Retesting after failure.
top (a) An applicant for a knowledge or practical test who fails
that test may reapply for the test only after the applicant has
received:
(1) The necessary training from an authorized instructor who
has determined that the applicant is proficient to pass the
test; and
(2) An endorsement from an authorized instructor who gave the
applicant the additional training.
(b) An applicant for a flight instructor certificate with an
airplane category rating or, for a flight instructor certificate
with a glider category rating, who has failed the practical test
due to deficiencies in instructional proficiency on stall
awareness, spin entry, spins, or spin recovery must:
(1) Comply with the requirements of paragraph (a) of this
section before being retested;
(2) Bring an aircraft to the retest that is of the
appropriate aircraft category for the rating sought and is
certificated for spins; and
(3) Demonstrate satisfactory instructional proficiency on
stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery to an
examiner during the retest.
§ 61.51 Pilot logbooks.
top (a) Training time and aeronautical experience. Each
person must document and record the following time in a manner
acceptable to the Administrator:
(1) Training and aeronautical experience used to meet the
requirements for a certificate, rating, or flight review of this
part.
(2) The aeronautical experience required for meeting the
recent flight experience requirements of this part.
(b) Logbook entries. For the purposes of meeting the
requirements of paragraph (a) of this section, each person must
enter the following information for each flight or lesson
logged:
(1) General—
(i) Date.
(ii) Total flight time or lesson time.
(iii) Location where the aircraft departed and arrived, or
for lessons in a flight simulator or flight training device, the
location where the lesson occurred.
(iv) Type and identification of aircraft, flight simulator,
flight training device, or aviation training device, as
appropriate.
(v) The name of a safety pilot, if required by §91.109(b) of
this chapter.
(2) Type of pilot experience or training—
(i) Solo.
(ii) Pilot in command.
(iii) Second in command.
(iv) Flight and ground training received from an authorized
instructor.
(v) Training received in a flight simulator, flight training
device, or aviation training device from an authorized
instructor.
(3) Conditions of flight—
(i) Day or night.
(ii) Actual instrument.
(iii) Simulated instrument conditions in flight, a flight
simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device.
(iv) Use of night vision goggles in an aircraft in flight, in
a flight simulator, or in a flight training device.
(c) Logging of pilot time. The pilot time described in
this section may be used to:
(1) Apply for a certificate or rating issued under this part
or a privilege authorized under this part; or
(2) Satisfy the recent flight experience requirements of this
part.
(d) Logging of solo flight time. Except for a student
pilot performing the duties of pilot in command of an airship
requiring more than one pilot flight crewmember, a pilot may log
as solo flight time only that flight time when the pilot is the
sole occupant of the aircraft.
(e) Logging pilot-in-command flight time. (1) A sport,
recreational, private, commercial, or airline transport pilot
may log pilot in command flight time for flights-
(i) When the pilot is the sole manipulator of the controls of
an aircraft for which the pilot is rated, or has sport pilot
privileges for that category and class of aircraft, if the
aircraft class rating is appropriate;
(ii) When the pilot is the sole occupant in the aircraft;
(iii) When the pilot, except for a holder of a sport or
recreational pilot certificate, acts as pilot in command of an
aircraft for which more than one pilot is required under the
type certification of the aircraft or the regulations under
which the flight is conducted; or
(iv) When the pilot performs the duties of pilot in command
while under the supervision of a qualified pilot in command
provided—
(A) The pilot performing the duties of pilot in command holds
a commercial or airline transport pilot certificate and aircraft
rating that is appropriate to the category and class of aircraft
being flown, if a class rating is appropriate;
(B) The pilot performing the duties of pilot in command is
undergoing an approved pilot in command training program that
includes ground and flight training on the following areas of
operation—
( 1 ) Preflight preparation;
( 2 ) Preflight procedures;
( 3 ) Takeoff and departure;
( 4 ) In-flight maneuvers;
( 5 ) Instrument procedures;
( 6 ) Landings and approaches to landings;
( 7 ) Normal and abnormal procedures;
( 8 ) Emergency procedures; and
( 9 ) Postflight procedures;
(C) The supervising pilot in command holds—
( 1 ) A commercial pilot certificate and flight
instructor certificate, and aircraft rating that is appropriate
to the category, class, and type of aircraft being flown, if a
class or type rating is required; or
( 2 ) An airline transport pilot certificate and
aircraft rating that is appropriate to the category, class, and
type of aircraft being flown, if a class or type rating is
required; and
(D) The supervising pilot in command logs the pilot in
command training in the pilot's logbook, certifies the pilot in
command training in the pilot's logbook and attests to that
certification with his or her signature, and flight instructor
certificate number.
(2) If rated to act as pilot in command of the aircraft, an
airline transport pilot may log all flight time while acting as
pilot in command of an operation requiring an airline transport
pilot certificate.
(3) A certificated flight instructor may log pilot in command
flight time for all flight time while serving as the authorized
instructor in an operation if the instructor is rated to act as
pilot in command of that aircraft.
(4) A student pilot may log pilot-in-command time only when
the student pilot—
(i) Is the sole occupant of the aircraft or is performing the
duties of pilot of command of an airship requiring more than one
pilot flight crewmember;
(ii) Has a solo flight endorsement as required under §61.87
of this part; and
(iii) Is undergoing training for a pilot certificate or
rating.
(f) Logging second-in-command flight time. A person
may log second-in-command time only for that flight time during
which that person:
(1) Is qualified in accordance with the second-in-command
requirements of §61.55 of this part, and occupies a crewmember
station in an aircraft that requires more than one pilot by the
aircraft's type certificate; or
(2) Holds the appropriate category, class, and instrument
rating (if an instrument rating is required for the flight) for
the aircraft being flown, and more than one pilot is required
under the type certification of the aircraft or the regulations
under which the flight is being conducted.
(g) Logging instrument time. (1) A person may log
instrument time only for that flight time when the person
operates the aircraft solely by reference to instruments under
actual or simulated instrument flight conditions.
(2) An authorized instructor may log instrument time when
conducting instrument flight instruction in actual instrument
flight conditions.
(3) For the purposes of logging instrument time to meet the
recent instrument experience requirements of §61.57(c) of this
part, the following information must be recorded in the person's
logbook—
(i) The location and type of each instrument approach
accomplished; and
(ii) The name of the safety pilot, if required.
(4) A person can use time in a flight simulator, flight
training device, or aviation training device for acquiring
instrument aeronautical experience for a pilot certificate,
rating, or instrument recency experience, provided an authorized
instructor is present to observe that time and signs the
person's logbook or training record to verify the time and the
content of the training session.
(h) Logging training time. (1) A person may log
training time when that person receives training from an
authorized instructor in an aircraft, flight simulator, or
flight training device.
(2) The training time must be logged in a logbook and must:
(i) Be endorsed in a legible manner by the authorized
instructor; and
(ii) Include a description of the training given, the length
of the training lesson, and the authorized instructor's
signature, certificate number, and certificate expiration date.
(i) Presentation of required documents. (1) Persons
must present their pilot certificate, medical certificate,
logbook, or any other record required by this part for
inspection upon a reasonable request by—
(i) The Administrator;
(ii) An authorized representative from the National
Transportation Safety Board; or
(iii) Any Federal, State, or local law enforcement officer.
(2) A student pilot must carry the following items in the
aircraft on all solo cross-country flights as evidence of the
required authorized instructor clearances and endorsements—
(i) Pilot logbook;
(ii) Student pilot certificate; and
(iii) Any other record required by this section.
(3) A sport pilot must carry his or her logbook or other
evidence of required authorized instructor endorsements on all
flights.
(4) A recreational pilot must carry his or her logbook with
the required authorized instructor endorsements on all solo
flights—
(i) That exceed 50 nautical miles from the airport at which
training was received;
(ii) Within airspace that requires communication with air
traffic control;
(iii) Conducted between sunset and sunrise; or
(iv) In an aircraft for which the pilot does not hold an
appropriate category or class rating.
(5) A flight instructor with a sport pilot rating must carry
his or her logbook or other evidence of required authorized
instructor endorsements on all flights when providing flight
training.
(j) Aircraft requirements for logging flight time. For
a person to log flight time, the time must be acquired in an
aircraft that is identified as an aircraft under §61.5(b), and
is—
(1) An aircraft of U.S. registry with either a standard or
special airworthiness certificate;
(2) An aircraft of foreign registry with an airworthiness
certificate that is approved by the aviation authority of a
foreign country that is a Member State to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation Organization;
(3) A military aircraft under the direct operational control
of the U.S. Armed Forces; or
(4) A public aircraft under the direct operational control of
a Federal, State, county, or municipal law enforcement agency,
if the flight time was acquired by the pilot while engaged on an
official law enforcement flight for a Federal, State, County, or
Municipal law enforcement agency.
(k) Logging night vision goggle time. (1) A person may
log night vision goggle time only for the time the person uses
night vision goggles as the primary visual reference of the
surface and operates:
(i) An aircraft during a night vision goggle operation; or
(ii) A flight simulator or flight training device with the
lighting system adjusted to represent the period beginning 1
hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise.
(2) An authorized instructor may log night vision goggle time
when that person conducts training using night vision goggles as
the primary visual reference of the surface and operates:
(i) An aircraft during a night goggle operation; or
(ii) A flight simulator or flight training device with the
lighting system adjusted to represent the period beginning 1
hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise.
(3) To log night vision goggle time to meet the recent night
vision goggle experience requirements under §61.57(f), a person
must log the information required under §61.51(b).
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40897, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. 23,
1998; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44865, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74
FR 42549, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.52 Use of aeronautical experience obtained in
ultralight vehicles.
top (a) Before January 31, 2012, a person may use aeronautical
experience obtained in an ultralight vehicle to meet the
requirements for the following certificates and ratings issued
under this part:
(1) A sport pilot certificate.
(2) A flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot
rating;
(3) A private pilot certificate with a weight-shift-control
or powered parachute category rating.
(b) Before January 31, 2012, a person may use aeronautical
experience obtained in an ultralight vehicle to meet the
provisions of §61.69.
(c) A person using aeronautical experience obtained in an
ultralight vehicle to meet the requirements for a certificate or
rating specified in paragraph (a) of this section or the
requirements of paragraph (b) of this section must—
(1) Have been a registered ultralight pilot with an
FAA-recognized ultralight organization when that aeronautical
experience was obtained;
(2) Document and log that aeronautical experience in
accordance with the provisions for logging aeronautical
experience specified by an FAA-recognized ultralight
organization and in accordance with the provisions for logging
pilot time in aircraft as specified in §61.51;
(3) Obtain the aeronautical experience in a category and
class of vehicle corresponding to the rating or privilege
sought; and
(4) Provide the FAA with a certified copy of his or her
ultralight pilot records from an FAA-recognized ultralight
organization, that —
(i) Document that he or she is a registered ultralight pilot
with that FAA-recognized ultralight organization; and
(ii) Indicate that he or she is recognized to operate the
category and class of aircraft for which sport pilot privileges
are sought.
[Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44865, July 27, 2004, as
amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010]
§ 61.53 Prohibition on operations during medical
deficiency.
top (a) Operations that require a medical certificate.
Except as provided for in paragraph (b) of this section, no
person who holds a medical certificate issued under part 67 of
this chapter may act as pilot in command, or in any other
capacity as a required pilot flight crewmember, while that
person:
(1) Knows or has reason to know of any medical condition that
would make the person unable to meet the requirements for the
medical certificate necessary for the pilot operation; or
(2) Is taking medication or receiving other treatment for a
medical condition that results in the person being unable to
meet the requirements for the medical certificate necessary for
the pilot operation.
(b) Operations that do not require a medical certificate.
For operations provided for in §61.23(b) of this part, a
person shall not act as pilot in command, or in any other
capacity as a required pilot flight crewmember, while that
person knows or has reason to know of any medical condition that
would make the person unable to operate the aircraft in a safe
manner.
(c) Operations requiring a medical certificate or a U.S.
driver's license. For operations provided for in §61.23(c),
a person must meet the provisions of—
(1) Paragraph (a) of this section if that person holds a
medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter and
does not hold a U.S. driver's license.
(2) Paragraph (b) of this section if that person holds a U.S.
driver's license.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44866, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR
42550, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.55 Second-in-command qualifications.
top (a) A person may serve as a second-in-command of an aircraft
type certificated for more than one required pilot flight
crewmember or in operations requiring a second-in-command pilot
flight crewmember only if that person holds:
(1) At least a private pilot certificate with the appropriate
category and class rating; and
(2) An instrument rating or privilege that applies to the
aircraft being flown if the flight is under IFR; and
(3) The appropriate pilot type rating for the aircraft unless
the flight will be conducted as domestic flight operations
within United States airspace.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, no
person may serve as a second-in-command of an aircraft type
certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember
or in operations requiring a second-in-command unless that
person has within the previous 12 calendar months:
(1) Become familiar with the following information for the
specific type aircraft for which second-in-command privileges
are requested—
(i) Operational procedures applicable to the powerplant,
equipment, and systems.
(ii) Performance specifications and limitations.
(iii) Normal, abnormal, and emergency operating procedures.
(iv) Flight manual.
(v) Placards and markings.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (g) of this section,
performed and logged pilot time in the type of aircraft or in a
flight simulator that represents the type of aircraft for which
second-in-command privileges are requested, which includes—
(i) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop as the
sole manipulator of the flight controls;
(ii) Engine-out procedures and maneuvering with an engine out
while executing the duties of pilot in command; and
(iii) Crew resource management training.
(c) If a person complies with the requirements in paragraph
(b) of this section in the calendar month before or the calendar
month after the month in which compliance with this section is
required, then that person is considered to have accomplished
the training and practice in the month it is due.
(d) A person may receive a second-in-command pilot type
rating for an aircraft after satisfactorily completing the
second-in-command familiarization training requirements under
paragraph (b) of this section in that type of aircraft provided
the training was completed within the 12 calendar months before
the month of application for the SIC pilot type rating. The
person must comply with the following application and pilot
certification procedures:
(1) The person who provided the training must sign the
applicant's logbook or training record after each lesson in
accordance with §61.51(h)(2) of this part. In lieu of the
trainer, it is permissible for a qualified management official
within the organization to sign the applicant's training records
or logbook and make the required endorsement. The qualified
management official must hold the position of Chief Pilot,
Director of Training, Director of Operations, or another
comparable management position within the organization that
provided the training and must be in a position to verify the
applicant's training records and that the training was given.
(2) The trainer or qualified management official must make an
endorsement in the applicant's logbook that states “[Applicant's
Name and Pilot Certificate Number] has demonstrated the skill
and knowledge required for the safe operation of the [Type of
Aircraft], relevant to the duties and responsibilities of a
second in command.”
(3) If the applicant's flight experience and/or training
records are in an electronic form, the applicant must present a
paper copy of those records containing the signature of the
trainer or qualified management official to an FAA Flight
Standards District Office or Examiner.
(4) The applicant must complete and sign an Airman
Certificate and/or Rating Application, FAA Form 8710–1, and
present the application to an FAA Flight Standards District
Office or to an Examiner.
(5) The person who provided the ground and flight training to
the applicant must sign the “Instructor's Recommendation”
section of the Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, FAA
Form 8710–1. In lieu of the trainer, it is permissible for a
qualified management official within the organization to sign
the applicant's FAA Form 8710–1.
(6) The applicant must appear in person at a FAA Flight
Standards District Office or to an Examiner with his or her
logbook/training records and with the completed and signed FAA
Form 8710–1.
(7) There is no practical test required for the issuance of
the “SIC Privileges Only” pilot type rating.
(e) A person may receive a second-in-command pilot type
rating for the type of aircraft after satisfactorily completing
an approved second-in-command training program, proficiency
check, or competency check under subpart K of part 91, part 121,
part 125, or part 135, as appropriate, in that type of aircraft
provided the training was completed within the 12 calendar
months before the month of application for the SIC pilot type
rating. The person must comply with the following application
and pilot certification procedures:
(1) The person who provided the training must sign the
applicant's logbook or training record after each lesson in
accordance with §61.51(h)(2) of this part. In lieu of the
trainer, it is permissible for a qualified management official
within the organization to sign the applicant's training records
or logbook and make the required endorsement. The qualified
management official must hold the position of Chief Pilot,
Director of Training, Director of Operations, or another
comparable management position within the organization that
provided the training and must be in a position to verify the
applicant's training records and that the training was given.
(2) The trainer or qualified management official must make an
endorsement in the applicant's logbook that states “[Applicant's
Name and Pilot Certificate Number] has demonstrated the skill
and knowledge required for the safe operation of the [Type of
Aircraft], relevant to the duties and responsibilities of a
second in command.”
(3) If the applicant's flight experience and/or training
records are in an electronic form, the applicant must provide a
paper copy of those records containing the signature of the
trainer or qualified management official to an FAA Flight
Standards District Office, an Examiner, or an Aircrew Program
Designee.
(4) The applicant must complete and sign an Airman
Certificate and/or Rating Application, FAA Form 8710–1, and
present the application to an FAA Flight Standards District
Office or to an Examiner or to an authorized Aircrew Program
Designee.
(5) The person who provided the ground and flight training to
the applicant must sign the “Instructor's Recommendation”
section of the Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, FAA
Form 8710–1. In lieu of the trainer, it is permissible for a
qualified management official within the organization to sign
the applicant's FAA Form 8710–1.
(6) The applicant must appear in person at an FAA Flight
Standards District Office or to an Examiner or to an authorized
Aircrew Program Designee with his or her logbook/training
records and with the completed and signed FAA Form 8710–1.
(7) There is no practical test required for the issuance of
the “SIC Privileges Only” pilot type rating.
(f) The familiarization training requirements of paragraph
(b) of this section do not apply to a person who is:
(1) Designated and qualified as pilot in command under
subpart K of part 91, part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter in
that specific type of aircraft;
(2) Designated as the second in command under subpart K of
part 91, part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter in that specific
type of aircraft;
(3) Designated as the second in command in that specific type
of aircraft for the purpose of receiving flight training
required by this section, and no passengers or cargo are carried
on the aircraft; or
(4) Designated as a safety pilot for purposes required by
§91.109(b) of this chapter.
(g) The holder of a commercial or airline transport pilot
certificate with the appropriate category and class rating is
not required to meet the requirements of paragraph (b)(2) of
this section, provided the pilot:
(1) Is conducting a ferry flight, aircraft flight test, or
evaluation flight of an aircraft's equipment; and
(2) Is not carrying any person or property on board the
aircraft, other than necessary for conduct of the flight.
(h) For the purpose of meeting the requirements of paragraph
(b) of this section, a person may serve as second in command in
that specific type aircraft, provided:
(1) The flight is conducted under day VFR or day IFR; and
(2) No person or property is carried on board the aircraft,
other than necessary for conduct of the flight.
(i) The training under paragraphs (b) and (d) of this section
and the training, proficiency check, and competency check under
paragraph (e) of this section may be accomplished in a flight
simulator that is used in accordance with an approved training
course conducted by a training center certificated under part
142 of this chapter or under subpart K of part 91, part 121 or
part 135 of this chapter.
(j) When an applicant for an initial second-in-command
qualification for a particular type of aircraft receives all the
training in a flight simulator, that applicant must
satisfactorily complete one takeoff and one landing in an
aircraft of the same type for which the qualification is sought.
This requirement does not apply to an applicant who completes a
proficiency check under part 121 or competency check under
subpart K, part 91, part 125, or part 135 for the particular
type of aircraft.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40898, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–109, 68 FR 54559, Sept. 17,
2003; Amdt. 61–113, 70 FR 45271, Aug. 4, 2005; Amdt. 61–109, 70
FR 61890, Oct. 27, 2005; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42550, Aug. 21,
2009]
§ 61.56 Flight review.
top (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (f) of this
section, a flight review consists of a minimum of 1 hour of
flight training and 1 hour of ground training. The review must
include:
(1) A review of the current general operating and flight
rules of part 91 of this chapter; and
(2) A review of those maneuvers and procedures that, at the
discretion of the person giving the review, are necessary for
the pilot to demonstrate the safe exercise of the privileges of
the pilot certificate.
(b) Glider pilots may substitute a minimum of three
instructional flights in a glider, each of which includes a
flight to traffic pattern altitude, in lieu of the 1 hour of
flight training required in paragraph (a) of this section.
(c) Except as provided in paragraphs (d), (e), and (g) of
this section, no person may act as pilot in command of an
aircraft unless, since the beginning of the 24th calendar month
before the month in which that pilot acts as pilot in command,
that person has—
(1) Accomplished a flight review given in an aircraft for
which that pilot is rated by an authorized instructor and
(2) A logbook endorsed from an authorized instructor who gave
the review certifying that the person has satisfactorily
completed the review.
(d) A person who has, within the period specified in
paragraph (c) of this section, passed a pilot proficiency check
conducted by an examiner, an approved pilot check airman, or a
U.S. Armed Force, for a pilot certificate, rating, or operating
privilege need not accomplish the flight review required by this
section.
(e) A person who has, within the period specified in
paragraph (c) of this section, satisfactorily accomplished one
or more phases of an FAA-sponsored pilot proficiency award
program need not accomplish the flight review required by this
section.
(f) A person who holds a flight instructor certificate and
who has, within the period specified in paragraph (c) of this
section, satisfactorily completed a renewal of a flight
instructor certificate under the provisions in §61.197 need not
accomplish the one hour of ground training specified in
paragraph (a) of this section.
(g) A student pilot need not accomplish the flight review
required by this section provided the student pilot is
undergoing training for a certificate and has a current solo
flight endorsement as required under §61.87 of this part.
(h) The requirements of this section may be accomplished in
combination with the requirements of §61.57 and other applicable
recent experience requirements at the discretion of the
authorized instructor conducting the flight review.
(i) A flight simulator or flight training device may be used
to meet the flight review requirements of this section subject
to the following conditions:
(1) The flight simulator or flight training device must be
used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(2) Unless the flight review is undertaken in a flight
simulator that is approved for landings, the applicant must meet
the takeoff and landing requirements of §61.57(a) or §61.57(b)
of this part.
(3) The flight simulator or flight training device used must
represent an aircraft or set of aircraft for which the pilot is
rated.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40898, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20287, Apr. 23,
1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42550, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.57 Recent flight experience: Pilot in command.
top (a) General experience. (1) Except as provided in
paragraph (e) of this section, no person may act as a pilot in
command of an aircraft carrying passengers or of an aircraft
certificated for more than one pilot flight crewmember unless
that person has made at least three takeoffs and three landings
within the preceding 90 days, and—
(i) The person acted as the sole manipulator of the flight
controls; and
(ii) The required takeoffs and landings were performed in an
aircraft of the same category, class, and type (if a type rating
is required), and, if the aircraft to be flown is an airplane
with a tailwheel, the takeoffs and landings must have been made
to a full stop in an airplane with a tailwheel.
(2) For the purpose of meeting the requirements of paragraph
(a)(1) of this section, a person may act as a pilot in command
of an aircraft under day VFR or day IFR, provided no persons or
property are carried on board the aircraft, other than those
necessary for the conduct of the flight.
(3) The takeoffs and landings required by paragraph (a)(1) of
this section may be accomplished in a flight simulator or flight
training device that is—
(i) Approved by the Administrator for landings; and
(ii) Used in accordance with an approved course conducted by
a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(b) Night takeoff and landing experience. (1) Except
as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, no person may act
as pilot in command of an aircraft carrying passengers during
the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour
before sunrise, unless within the preceding 90 days that person
has made at least three takeoffs and three landings to a full
stop during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending
1 hour before sunrise, and—
(i) That person acted as sole manipulator of the flight
controls; and
(ii) The required takeoffs and landings were performed in an
aircraft of the same category, class, and type (if a type rating
is required).
(2) The takeoffs and landings required by paragraph (b)(1) of
this section may be accomplished in a flight simulator that is—
(i) Approved by the Administrator for takeoffs and landings,
if the visual system is adjusted to represent the period
described in paragraph (b)(1) of this section; and
(ii) Used in accordance with an approved course conducted by
a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(c) Instrument experience. Except as provided in
paragraph (e) of this section, a person may act as pilot in
command under IFR or weather conditions less than the minimums
prescribed for VFR only if:
(1) Use of an airplane, powered-lift, helicopter, or
airship for maintaining instrument experience. Within the 6
calendar months preceding the month of the flight, that person
performed and logged at least the following tasks and iterations
in an airplane, powered-lift, helicopter, or airship, as
appropriate, for the instrument rating privileges to be
maintained in actual weather conditions, or under simulated
conditions using a view-limiting device that involves having
performed the following—
(i) Six instrument approaches.
(ii) Holding procedures and tasks.
(iii) Intercepting and tracking courses through the use of
navigational electronic systems.
(2) Use of a flight simulator or flight training device
for maintaining instrument experience. Within the 6 calendar
months preceding the month of the flight, that person performed
and logged at least the following tasks and iterations in a
flight simulator or flight training device, provided the flight
simulator or flight training device represents the category of
aircraft for the instrument rating privileges to be maintained
and involves having performed the following—
(i) Six instrument approaches.
(ii) Holding procedures and tasks.
(iii) Intercepting and tracking courses through the use of
navigational electronic systems.
(3) Use of an aviation training device for maintaining
instrument experience. Within the 2 calendar months
preceding the month of the flight, that person performed and
logged at least the following tasks, iterations, and time in an
aviation training device and has performed the following—
(i) Three hours of instrument experience.
(ii) Holding procedures and tasks.
(iii) Six instrument approaches.
(iv) Two unusual attitude recoveries while in a descending, Vneairspeed
condition and two unusual attitude recoveries while in an
ascending, stall speed condition.
(v) Interception and tracking courses through the use of
navigational electronic systems.
(4) Combination of completing instrument experience in an
aircraft and a flight simulator, flight training device, and
aviation training device. A person who elects to complete
the instrument experience with a combination of an aircraft,
flight simulator or flight training device, and aviation
training device must have performed and logged the following
within the 6 calendar months preceding the month of the flight—
(i) Instrument experience in an airplane, powered-lift,
helicopter, or airship, as appropriate, for the instrument
rating privileges to be maintained, performed in actual weather
conditions, or under simulated weather conditions while using a
view-limiting device, on the following instrument currency
tasks:
(A) Instrument approaches.
(B) Holding procedures and tasks.
(C) Interception and tracking courses through the use of
navigational electronic systems.
(ii) Instrument experience in a flight simulator or flight
training device that represents the category of aircraft for the
instrument rating privileges to be maintained and involves
performing at least the following tasks—
(A) Instrument approaches.
(B) Holding procedures and tasks.
(C) Interception and tracking courses through the use of
navigational electronic systems.
(iii) Instrument experience in an aviation training device
that represents the category of aircraft for the instrument
rating privileges to be maintained and involves performing at
least the following tasks—
(A) Six instrument approaches.
(B) Holding procedures and tasks.
(C) Interception and tracking courses through the use of
navigational electronic systems.
(5) Combination of completing instrument experience in a
flight simulator or flight training device, and an aviation
training device. A person who elects to complete the
instrument experience with a combination of a flight simulator,
flight training device, and aviation training device must have
performed the following within the 6 calendar months preceding
the month of the flight—
(i) Instrument recency experience in a flight simulator or
flight training device that represents the category of aircraft
for the instrument rating privileges to be maintained and
involves having performed the following tasks:
(A) Six instrument approaches.
(B) Holding procedures and tasks.
(C) Interception and tracking courses through the use of
navigational electronic systems.
(ii) Three hours of instrument experience in an aviation
training device that represents the category of aircraft for the
instrument rating privileges to be maintained and involves
performing at least the following tasks—
(A) Six instrument approaches.
(B) Holding procedures and tasks.
(C) Interception and tracking courses through the use of
navigational electronic systems.
(D) Two unusual attitude recoveries while in a descending, Vneairspeed
condition and two unusual attitude recoveries while in an
ascending, stall speed condition.
(6) Maintaining instrument recent experience in a glider.
(i) Within the 6 calendar months preceding the month of the
flight, that person must have performed and logged at least the
following instrument currency tasks, iterations, and flight
time, and the instrument currency must have been performed in
actual weather conditions or under simulated weather conditions—
(A) One hour of instrument flight time in a glider or in a
single engine airplane using a view-limiting device while
performing interception and tracking courses through the use of
navigation electronic systems.
(B) Two hours of instrument flight time in a glider or a
single engine airplane with the use of a view-limiting device
while performing straight glides, turns to specific headings,
steep turns, flight at various airspeeds, navigation, and slow
flight and stalls.
(ii) Before a pilot is allowed to carry a passenger in a
glider under IFR or in weather conditions less than the minimums
prescribed for VFR, that pilot must—
(A) Have logged and performed 2 hours of instrument flight
time in a glider within the 6 calendar months preceding the
month of the flight.
(B) Use a view-limiting-device while practicing performance
maneuvers, performance airspeeds, navigation, slow flight, and
stalls.
(d) Instrument proficiency check. Except as provided
in paragraph (e) of this section, a person who does not meet the
instrument experience requirements of paragraph (c) of this
section within the 12 calendar months preceding the month of the
flight may not serve as pilot in command under IFR or in weather
conditions less than the minimums prescribed for VFR until
having passed an instrument proficiency check that consists of
the areas of operation and instrument tasks required in the
instrument rating practical test standards.
(e) Exceptions. (1) Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this
section do not apply to a pilot in command who is employed by a
certificate holder under part 125 and engaged in a flight
operation for that certificate holder if the pilot is in
compliance with §§125.281 and 125.285 of this chapter.
(2) This section does not apply to a pilot in command who is
employed by an air carrier certificated under part 121 or 135
and is engaged in a flight operation under part 91, 121, or 135
for that air carrier if the pilot is in compliance with
§§121.437 and 121.439, or §§135.243 and 135.247 of this chapter,
as appropriate.
(3) Paragraph (b) of this section does not apply to a pilot
in command of a turbine-powered airplane that is type
certificated for more than one pilot crewmember, provided that
pilot has complied with the requirements of paragraph (e)(3)(i)
or (ii) of this section:
(i) The pilot in command must hold at least a commercial
pilot certificate with the appropriate category, class, and type
rating for each airplane that is type certificated for more than
one pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks to operate under this
alternative, and:
(A) That pilot must have logged at least 1,500 hours of
aeronautical experience as a pilot;
(B) In each airplane that is type certificated for more than
one pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks to operate under this
alternative, that pilot must have accomplished and logged the
daytime takeoff and landing recent flight experience of
paragraph (a) of this section, as the sole manipulator of the
flight controls;
(C) Within the preceding 90 days prior to the operation of
that airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot
crewmember, the pilot must have accomplished and logged at least
15 hours of flight time in the type of airplane that the pilot
seeks to operate under this alternative; and
(D) That pilot has accomplished and logged at least 3
takeoffs and 3 landings to a full stop, as the sole manipulator
of the flight controls, in a turbine-powered airplane that
requires more than one pilot crewmember. The pilot must have
performed the takeoffs and landings during the period beginning
1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise within the
preceding 6 months prior to the month of the flight.
(ii) The pilot in command must hold at least a commercial
pilot certificate with the appropriate category, class, and type
rating for each airplane that is type certificated for more than
one pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks to operate under this
alternative, and:
(A) That pilot must have logged at least 1,500 hours of
aeronautical experience as a pilot;
(B) In each airplane that is type certificated for more than
one pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks to operate under this
alternative, that pilot must have accomplished and logged the
daytime takeoff and landing recent flight experience of
paragraph (a) of this section, as the sole manipulator of the
flight controls;
(C) Within the preceding 90 days prior to the operation of
that airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot
crewmember, the pilot must have accomplished and logged at least
15 hours of flight time in the type of airplane that the pilot
seeks to operate under this alternative; and
(D) Within the preceding 12 months prior to the month of the
flight, the pilot must have completed a training program that is
approved under part 142 of this chapter. The approved training
program must have required and the pilot must have performed, at
least 6 takeoffs and 6 landings to a full stop as the sole
manipulator of the controls in a flight simulator that is
representative of a turbine-powered airplane that requires more
than one pilot crewmember. The flight simulator's visual system
must have been adjusted to represent the period beginning 1 hour
after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise.
(f) Night vision goggle operating experience. (1) A
person may act as pilot in command in a night vision goggle
operation with passengers on board only if, within 2 calendar
months preceding the month of the flight, that person performs
and logs the following tasks as the sole manipulator of the
controls on a flight during a night vision goggle operation—
(i) Three takeoffs and three landings, with each takeoff and
landing including a climbout, cruise, descent, and approach
phase of flight (only required if the pilot wants to use night
vision goggles during the takeoff and landing phases of the
flight).
(ii) Three hovering tasks (only required if the pilot wants
to use night vision goggles when operating helicopters or
powered-lifts during the hovering phase of flight).
(iii) Three area departure and area arrival tasks.
(iv) Three tasks of transitioning from aided night flight (
aided night flight means that the pilot uses night vision
goggles to maintain visual surface reference) to unaided night
flight ( unaided night flight means that the pilot does
not use night vision goggles) and back to aided night flight.
(v) Three night vision goggle operations, or when operating
helicopters or powered-lifts, six night vision goggle
operations.
(2) A person may act as pilot in command using night vision
goggles only if, within the 4 calendar months preceding the
month of the flight, that person performs and logs the tasks
listed in paragraph (f)(1)(i) through (v) of this section as the
sole manipulator of the controls during a night vision goggle
operation.
(g) Night vision goggle proficiency check. A person
must either meet the night vision goggle experience requirements
of paragraphs (f)(1) or (f)(2) of this section or pass a night
vision goggle proficiency check to act as pilot in command using
night vision goggles. The proficiency check must be performed in
the category of aircraft that is appropriate to the night vision
goggle operation for which the person is seeking the night
vision goggle privilege or in a flight simulator or flight
training device that is representative of that category of
aircraft. The check must consist of the tasks listed in
§61.31(k), and the check must be performed by:
(1) An Examiner who is qualified to perform night vision
goggle operations in that same aircraft category and class;
(2) A person who is authorized by the U.S. Armed Forces to
perform night vision goggle proficiency checks, provided the
person being administered the check is also a member of the U.S.
Armed Forces;
(3) A company check pilot who is authorized to perform night
vision goggle proficiency checks under parts 121, 125, or 135 of
this chapter, provided that both the check pilot and the pilot
being tested are employees of that operator;
(4) An authorized flight instructor who is qualified to
perform night vision goggle operations in that same aircraft
category and class;
(5) A person who is qualified as pilot in command for night
vision goggle operations in accordance with paragraph (f) of
this section; or
(6) A person approved by the FAA to perform night vision
goggle proficiency checks.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40898, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–106, 64 FR 23529, Apr. 30,
1999; Amdt. 61–109, 68 FR 54559, Sept. 17, 2003; Amdt. 61–124,
74 FR 42550, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency check: Operation of
aircraft requiring more than one pilot flight crewmember.
top (a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, to serve as
pilot in command of an aircraft that is type certificated for
more than one required pilot flight crewmember, a person must—
(1) Within the preceding 12 calendar months, complete a
pilot-in-command proficiency check in an aircraft that is type
certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember;
and
(2) Within the preceding 24 calendar months, complete a
pilot-in-command proficiency check in the particular type of
aircraft in which that person will serve as pilot in command.
(b) This section does not apply to persons conducting
operations under subpart K of part 91, part 121, 125, 133, 135,
or 137 of this chapter, or persons maintaining continuing
qualification under an Advanced Qualification program approved
under subpart Y of part 121 of this chapter.
(c) The pilot-in-command proficiency check given in
accordance with the provisions of subpart K of part 91, part
121, 125, or 135 of this chapter may be used to satisfy the
requirements of this section.
(d) The pilot-in-command proficiency check required by
paragraph (a) of this section may be accomplished by
satisfactory completion of one of the following:
(1) A pilot-in-command proficiency check conducted by a
person authorized by the Administrator, consisting of the
maneuvers and procedures required for a type rating, in an
aircraft type certificated for more than one required pilot
flight crewmember;
(2) The practical test required for a type rating, in an
aircraft type certificated for more than one required pilot
flight crewmember;
(3) The initial or periodic practical test required for the
issuance of a pilot examiner or check airman designation, in an
aircraft type certificated for more than one required pilot
flight crewmember; or
(4) A military flight check required for a pilot in command
with instrument privileges, in an aircraft that the military
requires to be operated by more than one pilot flight
crewmember.
(e) A check or test described in paragraphs (d)(1) through
(d)(4) of this section may be accomplished in a flight simulator
under part 142 of this chapter, subject to the following:
(1) Except as provided for in paragraphs (e)(2) and (e)(3) of
this section, if an otherwise qualified and approved flight
simulator used for a pilot-in-command proficiency check is not
qualified and approved for a specific required maneuver—
(i) The training center must annotate, in the applicant's
training record, the maneuver or maneuvers omitted; and
(ii) Prior to acting as pilot in command, the pilot must
demonstrate proficiency in each omitted maneuver in an aircraft
or flight simulator qualified and approved for each omitted
maneuver.
(2) If the flight simulator used pursuant to paragraph (e) of
this section is not qualified and approved for circling
approaches—
(i) The applicant's record must include the statement,
“Proficiency in circling approaches not demonstrated”; and
(ii) The applicant may not perform circling approaches as
pilot in command when weather conditions are less than the basic
VFR conditions described in §91.155 of this chapter, until
proficiency in circling approaches has been successfully
demonstrated in a flight simulator qualified and approved for
circling approaches or in an aircraft to a person authorized by
the Administrator to conduct the check required by this section.
(3) If the flight simulator used pursuant to paragraph (e) of
this section is not qualified and approved for landings, the
applicant must—
(i) Hold a type rating in the airplane represented by the
simulator; and
(ii) Have completed within the preceding 90 days at least
three takeoffs and three landings (one to a full stop) as the
sole manipulator of the flight controls in the type airplane for
which the pilot-in-command proficiency check is sought.
(f) For the purpose of meeting the pilot-in-command
proficiency check requirements of paragraph (a) of this section,
a person may act as pilot in command of a flight under day VFR
conditions or day IFR conditions if no person or property is
carried, other than as necessary to demonstrate compliance with
this part.
(g) If a pilot takes the pilot-in-command proficiency check
required by this section in the calendar month before or the
calendar month after the month in which it is due, the pilot is
considered to have taken it in the month in which it was due for
the purpose of computing when the next pilot-in-command
proficiency check is due.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40899, July 30, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–109, 68 FR 54559, Sept. 17, 2003; Amdt. 61–112, 70 FR
54814, Sept. 16, 2005]
§ 61.59 Falsification, reproduction, or alteration of
applications, certificates, logbooks, reports, or records.
top (a) No person may make or cause to be made:
(1) Any fraudulent or intentionally false statement on any
application for a certificate, rating, authorization, or
duplicate thereof, issued under this part;
(2) Any fraudulent or intentionally false entry in any
logbook, record, or report that is required to be kept, made, or
used to show compliance with any requirement for the issuance or
exercise of the privileges of any certificate, rating, or
authorization under this part;
(3) Any reproduction for fraudulent purpose of any
certificate, rating, or authorization, under this part; or
(4) Any alteration of any certificate, rating, or
authorization under this part.
(b) The commission of an act prohibited under paragraph (a)
of this section is a basis for suspending or revoking any airman
certificate, rating, or authorization held by that person.
§ 61.60 Change of address.
top The holder of a pilot, flight instructor, or ground
instructor certificate who has made a change in permanent
mailing address may not, after 30 days from that date, exercise
the privileges of the certificate unless the holder has notified
in writing the FAA, Airman Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082,
Oklahoma City, OK 73125, of the new permanent mailing address,
or if the permanent mailing address includes a post office box
number, then the holder's current residential address.
Subpart B—Aircraft Ratings and Pilot Authorizations
top
§ 61.61 Applicability.
top This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of
additional aircraft ratings after a pilot certificate is issued,
and the requirements for and limitations of pilot authorizations
issued by the Administrator.
§ 61.63 Additional aircraft ratings (other than for
ratings at the airline transport pilot certification level).
top (a) General. For an additional aircraft rating on a
pilot certificate, other than for an airline transport pilot
certificate, a person must meet the requirements of this section
appropriate to the additional aircraft rating sought.
(b) Additional aircraft category rating. A person who
applies to add a category rating to a pilot certificate:
(1) Must complete the training and have the applicable
aeronautical experience.
(2) Must have a logbook or training record endorsement from
an authorized instructor attesting that the person was found
competent in the appropriate aeronautical knowledge areas and
proficient in the appropriate areas of operation.
(3) Must pass the practical test.
(4) Need not take an additional knowledge test, provided the
applicant holds an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift,
weight-shift-control aircraft, powered parachute, or airship
rating at that pilot certificate level.
(c) Additional aircraft class rating. A person who
applies for an additional class rating on a pilot certificate:
(1) Must have a logbook or training record endorsement from
an authorized instructor attesting that the person was found
competent in the appropriate aeronautical knowledge areas and
proficient in the appropriate areas of operation.
(2) Must pass the practical test.
(3) Need not meet the specified training time requirements
prescribed by this part that apply to the pilot certificate for
the aircraft class rating sought; unless, the person only holds
a lighter-than-air category rating with a balloon class rating
and is seeking an airship class rating, then that person must
receive the specified training time requirements and possess the
appropriate aeronautical experience.
(4) Need not take an additional knowledge test, provided the
applicant holds an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift,
weight-shift-control aircraft, powered parachute, or airship
rating at that pilot certificate level.
(d) Additional aircraft type rating. Except as
provided under paragraph (d)(6) of this section, a person who
applies for an aircraft type rating or an aircraft type rating
to be completed concurrently with an aircraft category or class
rating—
(1) Must hold or concurrently obtain an appropriate
instrument rating, except as provided in paragraph (e) of this
section.
(2) Must have a logbook or training record endorsement from
an authorized instructor attesting that the person is competent
in the appropriate aeronautical knowledge areas and proficient
in the appropriate areas of operation at the airline transport
pilot certification level.
(3) Must pass the practical test at the airline transport
pilot certification level.
(4) Must perform the practical test in actual or simulated
instrument conditions, except as provided in paragraph (e) of
this section.
(5) Need not take an additional knowledge test if the
applicant holds an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or
airship rating on the pilot certificate.
(6) In the case of a pilot employee of a part 121 or part 135
certificate holder or of a fractional ownership program manager
under subpart K of part 91 of this chapter, the pilot must—
(i) Meet the appropriate requirements under paragraphs
(d)(1), (d)(3), and (d)(4) of this section; and
(ii) Receive a flight training record endorsement from the
certificate holder attesting that the person completed the
certificate holder's approved ground and flight training
program.
(e) Aircraft not capable of instrument maneuvers and
procedures. (1) An applicant for a type rating or a type
rating in addition to an aircraft category and/or class rating
who provides an aircraft that is not capable of the instrument
maneuvers and procedures required on the practical test:
(i) May apply for the type rating, but the rating will be
limited to “VFR only.”
(ii) May have the “VFR only” limitation removed for that
aircraft type after the applicant:
(A) Passes a practical test in that type of aircraft in
actual or simulated instrument conditions;
(B) Passes a practical test in that type of aircraft on the
appropriate instrument maneuvers and procedures in §61.157; or
(C) Becomes qualified under §61.73(d) for that type of
aircraft.
(2) When an instrument rating is issued to a person who holds
one or more type ratings, the amended pilot certificate must
bear the “VFR only” limitation for each aircraft type rating
that the person did not demonstrate instrument competency.
(f) Multiengine airplane with a single-pilot station.
An applicant for a type rating, at other than the ATP
certification level, in a multiengine airplane with a
single-pilot station must perform the practical test in the
multi-seat version of that airplane, or the practical test may
be performed in the single-seat version of that airplane if the
Examiner is in a position to observe the applicant during the
practical test and there is no multi-seat version of that
multiengine airplane.
(g) Single engine airplane with a single-pilot station.
An applicant for a type rating, at other than the ATP
certification level, in a single engine airplane with a
single-pilot station must perform the practical test in the
multi-seat version of that single engine airplane, or the
practical test may be performed in the single-seat version of
that airplane if the Examiner is in a position to observe the
applicant during the practical test and there is no multi-seat
version of that single engine airplane.
(h) Aircraft category and class rating for the operation
of aircraft with an experimental certificate. A person
holding a recreational, private, or commercial pilot certificate
may apply for a category and class rating limited to a specific
make and model of experimental aircraft, provided—
(1) The person logged 5 hours flight time while acting as
pilot in command in the same category, class, make, and model of
aircraft.
(2) The person received a logbook endorsement from an
authorized instructor who determined the pilot's proficiency to
act as pilot in command of the same category, class, make, and
model of aircraft.
(3) The flight time specified under paragraph (h)(1) of this
section was logged between September 1, 2004 and August 31,
2005.
(i) Waiver authority. An Examiner who conducts a
practical test may waive any task for which the FAA has provided
waiver authority.
[Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42552, Aug. 21, 2009, as
amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010]
§ 61.64 Use of a flight simulator and flight training
device.
top (a) Use of a flight simulator for the airplane rating.
If an applicant uses a flight simulator for training or the
practical test for an airplane category, class, or type rating—
(1) The flight simulator—
(i) Must represent the category, class, and type of airplane
rating (if a type rating is applicable) for the rating sought;
(ii) Must be used in accordance with an approved course of
training under part 141 or part 142 of this chapter; or under
part 121 or part 135 of this chapter, provided the applicant is
a pilot employee of that air carrier operator;
(iii) At a minimum, must be qualified and approved as a Level
C flight simulator if the applicant performs the entire
practical test in a flight simulator; and
(iv) At a minimum, must be qualified and approved as a Level
A flight simulator if the applicant uses the flight simulator
for any training;
(2) If the type rating is for a turbojet airplane, the
applicant must—
(i) Hold a type rating in a turbojet airplane of the same
class of airplane, and that type rating may not contain a
supervised operating experience limitation;
(ii) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in two different
turbojet airplanes of the same class of airplane;
(iii) Have been appointed by the U.S. Armed Forces as pilot
in command in a turbojet airplane of the same class of airplane;
(iv) Have 500 hours of flight time in the same type of
airplane; or
(v) Have logged at least 2,000 hours of flight time, of which
500 hours were in turbine-powered airplanes of the same class of
airplane for which the type rating is sought.
(3) If the type rating is for a turbo propeller airplane, the
applicant must—
(i) Hold a type rating in a turbo-propeller airplane of the
same class of airplane, and that type rating may not contain a
supervised operating experience limitation;
(ii) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in two different
turbo-propeller airplanes of the same class of airplane;
(iii) Have been appointed by the U.S. Armed Forces as pilot
in command in a turbo-propeller airplane of the same class of
airplane;
(iv) Have 500 hours of flight time in the same type of
airplane; or
(v) Have logged at least 2,000 hours of flight time, of which
500 hours were in turbine-powered airplanes of the same class of
airplane for which the type rating is sought.
(4) If the applicant does not meet the requirements of
paragraph (a)(2) or (a)(3) of this section as appropriate, then—
(i) The applicant must complete the following tasks on the
practical test in the airplane of the category, class, and type
of airplane rating (if a type rating is applicable) for which
the airplane rating applies: preflight inspection, normal
takeoff, normal instrument landing system approach, missed
approach, and normal landing; or
(ii) The applicant's pilot certificate will be issued with a
limitation that states:
“The [name the category, class, and type of airplane rating
(if a type rating is applicable)] is subject to additional pilot
in command limitations,” and the applicant is restricted from
serving as pilot in command in that category, class, and type of
airplane rating (if a type rating is applicable).
(iii) The limitation described under paragraph (a)(4)(ii) of
this section may be removed from the applicant's pilot
certificate if the applicant—
(A) Logs 25 hours of flight time in the category and class of
airplane for the rating sought, and if a type rating is being
sought, the flight time must be performed in the same type of
airplane for the type rating sought;
(B) Performs 25 hours of flight time under the direct
observation of the pilot in command who holds the appropriate
airplane category, class, and type rating, without limitations,
in the same category, class, and type of airplane rating, if a
type rating is applicable;
(C) Logs each flight and the pilot in command who observed
the flight attests to each flight;
(D) Obtains the flight time while in the pilot in command
seat of the appropriate airplane category, class, and type, if a
type rating is appropriate; and
(E) Has an Examiner review the pilot logbook and endorse that
logbook, attesting to compliance with the required supervised
operating experience.
(b) Use of a flight training device for the airplane
rating. If an applicant uses a flight training device for
training for the airplane category, class, or type rating, the
applicant must meet the requirements of paragraph (a)(2), (a)(3)
or (a)(4) of this section, and the flight training device—
(1) Must represent the category, class, and type of airplane
rating (if a type rating is applicable) for the rating.
(2) Must be used in accordance with an approved course of
training under part 141 or part 142 of this chapter, or under
part 121 or part 135 of this chapter, provided the applicant is
a pilot employee of that air carrier operator.
(3) Must be qualified and approved at or above a Level 2
flight training device if the applicant completes the entire
practical test in the airplane.
(4) Must be qualified and approved at or above a Level 5
flight training device if the applicant uses a flight simulator
for any portion of the practical test.
(c) Use of a flight simulator for the helicopter rating.
If an applicant uses a flight simulator for training or the
practical test for the helicopter class or type rating,
(1) The flight simulator—
(i) Must represent the class and type of helicopter rating
(if a type rating is applicable) for the rating;
(ii) Must be used in accordance with an approved course of
training under part 141 or part 142 of this chapter, or under
part 135 of this chapter, provided the applicant is a pilot
employee of that part 135 operator;
(iii) At a minimum, must be qualified and approved as a Level
C flight simulator if the applicant performs the entire
practical test in a flight simulator; and
(iv) At a minimum, must be qualified and approved as a Level
A flight simulator if the applicant uses a flight simulator for
any training.
(2) The applicant must meet one of the following
requirements—
(i) Hold a type rating in a helicopter and that type rating
may not contain the supervised operating experience limitation;
(ii) Have been appointed by the U.S. Armed Forces as pilot in
command of a helicopter;
(iii) Have 500 hours of flight time in the type of
helicopter; or
(iv) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in two different types
of helicopters.
(3) If the applicant does not meet any of the requirements of
paragraph (c)(2) of this section, then—
(i) The applicant must complete the following tasks on the
practical test in the helicopter class and type rating (if a
type rating is applicable) for which the rating applies:
preflight inspection, normal takeoff, normal instrument landing
system approach, missed approach, and normal landing; or
(ii) The applicant's pilot certificate will be issued with a
limitation that states: “The [name the helicopter class and type
of helicopter rating (if a type rating is applicable)] is
subject to additional pilot in command limitations,” and the
applicant is restricted from serving as pilot in command in that
helicopter class and type of helicopter rating (if a type rating
is applicable).
(iii) The limitation described under paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of
this section may be removed from the pilot certificate if the
applicant complies with the following—
(A) Logs 25 hours of flight time in the class of helicopter
for the rating sought, if the person applied for a type rating,
the flight time must be performed in the same type of helicopter
for the type rating sought;
(B) Performs the 25 hours of flight time under the direct
observation of the pilot in command who holds the appropriate
class and type of helicopter rating (if a type rating is
applicable), without limitations, in the same class, and type of
helicopter rating, if a type rating is applicable;
(C) Logs each flight and the pilot in command who observed
the flight attests to each flight;
(D) Performs the flight time while in the pilot in command
seat of the appropriate class and type of helicopter rating, if
a type rating is appropriate; and
(E) Has an Examiner review the pilot logbook and endorse that
logbook, attesting to compliance with the required supervised
operating experience.
(d) Use of a flight training device for the helicopter
rating. If an applicant uses a flight training device for
training for the helicopter class or type rating, the applicant
must meet the requirements of either paragraph (c)(2) or (3) of
this section and the flight training device—
(1) Must represent the class and type of helicopter rating
(if a type rating is applicable) for the rating.
(2) Must be used in accordance with an approved course of
training under part 141 or part 142 of this chapter, or under
part 135 of this chapter, provided the applicant is a pilot
employee of that part 135 operator.
(3) Must be qualified and approved at or above a Level 2
flight training device if the applicant completes the entire
practical test in the helicopter.
(4) Must be qualified and approved at or above a Level 5
flight training device if the applicant uses a flight simulator
for any portion of the practical test.
(e) Use of a flight simulator for the powered-lift rating.
If an applicant uses a flight simulator for training or the
practical test for the powered-lift category or type rating—
(1) The flight simulator—
(i) Must represent the category and type of powered-lift
rating (if a type rating is applicable) for the rating;
(ii) Must be used in accordance with an approved course of
training under part 141 or part 142 of this chapter, or under
part 121 or part 135 of this chapter, provided the applicant is
a pilot employee of that air carrier operator;
(iii) At a minimum, must be qualified and approved as a Level
C flight simulator if the applicant performs the entire
practical test in a flight simulator; and
(iv) At a minimum, must be qualified and approved as a Level
A flight simulator if the applicant uses a flight simulator for
any training.
(2) The applicant must meet one of the following
requirements—
(i) Hold a type rating in a powered-lift without a supervised
operating experience limitation;
(ii) Have been appointed by the U.S. Armed Forces as pilot in
command of a powered-lift;
(iii) Have 500 hours of flight time in the type of
powered-lift; or
(iv) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in two different types
of powered-lifts.
(3) If the applicant does not meet any of the requirements of
paragraph (e)(2) of this section, then—
(i) The applicant must complete the following tasks on the
practical test in the powered-lift of the category and type of
powered-lift rating (if a type rating is applicable) for which
the rating applies: preflight inspection, normal takeoff, normal
instrument landing system approach, missed approach, and normal
landing; or
(ii) The applicant's pilot certificate will be issued with a
limitation that states: “The [name of the category and
powered-lift rating (if a type rating is applicable)] is subject
to additional pilot in command limitations,” and the applicant
is restricted from serving as pilot in command in that category
and type of powered-lift rating (if a type rating is
applicable).
(iii) The limitation described under paragraph (e)(3)(ii) of
this section may be removed from the pilot certificate if the
applicant complies with the following—
(A) Logs 25 hours of flight time in the powered-lift category
for the rating sought, and if a type rating is being sought, the
flight time must be performed in the same type of powered-lift
for the type rating sought;
(B) Performs the 25 hours flight time under the direct
observation of the pilot in command who holds the category and
type of powered-lift rating (if a type rating is applicable),
without limitations, in the same category and type of
powered-lift rating, if a type rating is applicable;
(C) Logs each flight and the pilot in command who observed
the flight attests to each flight;
(D) Performs the flight time while in the pilot in command
seat of the appropriate category and type of powered-lift
rating, if a type rating is appropriate; and
(E) Has an Examiner review the pilot logbook and endorse that
logbook, attesting to compliance with the required supervised
operating experience.
(f) Use of a flight training device for the powered-lift
rating. Whenever an applicant uses a flight training device
for training for the powered-lift category or type rating, the
flight training device must meet the following requirements, and
the applicant must meet the requirements of either paragraph
(e)(2) or (e)(3) of this section.
(1) The flight training device must represent the class and
type of powered-lift rating (if a type rating is applicable) for
the rating.
(2) The flight training device must be used in accordance
with an approved course of training under part 141 or part 142
of this chapter; or under part 121 or part 135 of this chapter,
provided the applicant is a pilot employee of that air carrier
operator.
(3) If the applicant completes the entire practical test in
the powered-lift, the flight training device used for training
must be qualified and approved at or above a Level 2 flight
training device.
(4) If an applicant uses a flight simulator for any portion
of the practical test, the flight training device used for
training must be qualified and approved at or above a Level 5
flight training device.
[Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42553, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt.
61–124A, 74 FR 53644, Oct. 20, 2009]
§ 61.65 Instrument rating requirements.
top (a) General. A person who applies for an instrument
rating must:
(1) Hold at least a private pilot certificate with an
airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift rating appropriate to the
instrument rating sought;
(2) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English
language. If the applicant is unable to meet any of these
requirements due to a medical condition, the Administrator may
place such operating limitations on the applicant's pilot
certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the
aircraft;
(3) Receive and log ground training from an authorized
instructor or accomplish a home-study course of training on the
aeronautical knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this section
that apply to the instrument rating sought;
(4) Receive a logbook or training record endorsement from an
authorized instructor certifying that the person is prepared to
take the required knowledge test;
(5) Receive and log training on the areas of operation of
paragraph (c) of this section from an authorized instructor in
an aircraft, flight simulator, or flight training device that
represents an airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift appropriate
to the instrument rating sought;
(6) Receive a logbook or training record endorsement from an
authorized instructor certifying that the person is prepared to
take the required practical test;
(7) Pass the required knowledge test on the aeronautical
knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this section; however, an
applicant is not required to take another knowledge test when
that person already holds an instrument rating; and
(8) Pass the required practical test on the areas of
operation in paragraph (c) of this section in—
(i) An airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift appropriate to
the rating sought; or
(ii) A flight simulator or a flight training device
appropriate to the rating sought and for the specific maneuver
or instrument approach procedure performed. If an approved
flight training device is used for the practical test, the
instrument approach procedures conducted in that flight training
device are limited to one precision and one nonprecision
approach, provided the flight training device is approved for
the procedure performed.
(b) Aeronautical knowledge. A person who applies for
an instrument rating must have received and logged ground
training from an authorized instructor or accomplished a
home-study course on the following aeronautical knowledge areas
that apply to the instrument rating sought:
(1) Federal Aviation Regulations of this chapter that apply
to flight operations under IFR;
(2) Appropriate information that applies to flight operations
under IFR in the “Aeronautical Information Manual;”
(3) Air traffic control system and procedures for instrument
flight operations;
(4) IFR navigation and approaches by use of navigation
systems;
(5) Use of IFR en route and instrument approach procedure
charts;
(6) Procurement and use of aviation weather reports and
forecasts and the elements of forecasting weather trends based
on that information and personal observation of weather
conditions;
(7) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft under instrument
flight rules and conditions;
(8) Recognition of critical weather situations and windshear
avoidance;
(9) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
(10) Crew resource management, including crew communication
and coordination.
(c) Flight proficiency. A person who applies for an
instrument rating must receive and log training from an
authorized instructor in an aircraft, or in a flight simulator
or flight training device, in accordance with paragraph (e) of
this section, that includes the following areas of operation:
(1) Preflight preparation;
(2) Preflight procedures;
(3) Air traffic control clearances and procedures;
(4) Flight by reference to instruments;
(5) Navigation systems;
(6) Instrument approach procedures;
(7) Emergency operations; and
(8) Postflight procedures.
(d) Aeronautical experience for the instrument-airplane
rating. A person who applies for an instrument-airplane
rating must have logged:
(1) Fifty hours of cross country flight time as pilot in
command, of which 10 hours must have been in an airplane; and
(2) Forty hours of actual or simulated instrument time in the
areas of operation listed in paragraph (c) of this section, of
which 15 hours must have been received from an authorized
instructor who holds an instrument-airplane rating, and the
instrument time includes:
(i) Three hours of instrument flight training from an
authorized instructor in an airplane that is appropriate to the
instrument-airplane rating within 2 calendar months before the
date of the practical test; and
(ii) Instrument flight training on cross country flight
procedures, including one cross country flight in an airplane
with an authorized instructor, that is performed under
instrument flight rules, when a flight plan has been filed with
an air traffic control facility, and that involves—
(A) A flight of 250 nautical miles along airways or by
directed routing from an air traffic control facility;
(B) An instrument approach at each airport; and
(C) Three different kinds of approaches with the use of
navigation systems.
(e) Aeronautical experience for the instrument-helicopter
rating. A person who applies for an instrument-helicopter
rating must have logged:
(1) Fifty hours of cross country flight time as pilot in
command, of which 10 hours must have been in a helicopter; and
(2) Forty hours of actual or simulated instrument time in the
areas of operation listed under paragraph (c) of this section,
of which 15 hours must have been with an authorized instructor
who holds an instrument-helicopter rating, and the instrument
time includes:
(i) Three hours of instrument flight training from an
authorized instructor in a helicopter that is appropriate to the
instrument-helicopter rating within 2 calendar months before the
date of the practical test; and
(ii) Instrument flight training on cross country flight
procedures, including one cross country flight in a helicopter
with an authorized instructor that is performed under instrument
flight rules and a flight plan has been filed with an air
traffic control facility, and involves—
(A) A flight of 100 nautical miles along airways or by
directed routing from an air traffic control facility;
(B) An instrument approach at each airport; and
(C) Three different kinds of approaches with the use of
navigation systems.
(f) Aeronautical experience for the
instrument-powered-lift rating. A person who applies for an
instrument-powered-lift rating must have logged:
(1) Fifty hours of cross country flight time as pilot in
command, of which 10 hours cross country must have been in a
powered-lift; and
(2) Forty hours of actual or simulated instrument time in the
areas of operation listed under paragraph (c) of this section,
of which 15 hours must have been received from an authorized
instructor who holds an instrument-powered-lift rating, and the
instrument time includes:
(i) Three hours of instrument flight training from an
authorized instructor in a powered-lift that is appropriate to
the instrument-powered-lift rating within 2 calendar months
before the date of the practical test; and
(ii) Instrument flight training on cross country flight
procedures, including one cross country flight in a powered-lift
with an authorized instructor that is performed under instrument
flight rules, when a flight plan has been filed with an air
traffic control facility, that involves—
(A) A flight of 250 nautical miles along airways or by
directed routing from an air traffic control facility;
(B) An instrument approach at each airport; and
(C) Three different kinds of approaches with the use of
navigation systems.
(g) Use of flight simulators or flight training devices.
If the instrument time was provided by an authorized
instructor in a flight simulator or flight training device—
(1) A maximum of 30 hours may be performed in that flight
simulator or flight training device if the instrument time was
completed in accordance with part 142 of this chapter; or
(2) A maximum of 20 hours may be performed in that flight
simulator or flight training device if the instrument time was
not completed in accordance with part 142 of this chapter.
(h) Use of an aviation training device. A maximum of
10 hours of instrument time received in an aviation training
device may be credited for the instrument time requirements of
this section if—
(1) The device is approved and authorized by the FAA;
(2) An authorized instructor provides the instrument time in
the device;
(3) No more than 10 hours of instrument time in a flight
simulator or flight training device was credited for the
instrument time requirements of this section;
(4) A view-limiting device was worn by the applicant when
logging instrument time in the device; and
(5) The FAA approved the instrument training and instrument
tasks performed in the device.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40900, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42554, Aug. 21,
2009]
§ 61.67 Category II pilot authorization requirements.
top (a) General. A person who applies for a Category II
pilot authorization must hold:
(1) At least a private or commercial pilot certificate with
an instrument rating or an airline transport pilot certificate;
(2) A type rating for the aircraft for which the
authorization is sought if that aircraft requires a type rating;
and
(3) A category and class rating for the aircraft for which
the authorization is sought.
(b) Experience requirements. An applicant for a
Category II pilot authorization must have at least—
(1) 50 hours of night flight time as pilot in command.
(2) 75 hours of instrument time under actual or simulated
instrument conditions that may include not more than—
(i) A combination of 25 hours of simulated instrument flight
time in a flight simulator or flight training device; or
(ii) 40 hours of simulated instrument flight time if
accomplished in an approved course conducted by an appropriately
rated training center certificated under part 142 of this
chapter.
(3) 250 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in
command.
(c) Practical test requirements. (1) A practical test
must be passed by a person who applies for—
(i) Issuance or renewal of a Category II pilot authorization;
and
(ii) The addition of another type aircraft to the applicant's
Category II pilot authorization.
(2) To be eligible for the practical test for an
authorization under this section, an applicant must—
(i) Meet the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this
section; and
(ii) If the applicant has not passed a practical test for
this authorization during the 12 calendar months preceding the
month of the test, then that person must—
(A) Meet the requirements of §61.57(c); and
(B) Have performed at least six ILS approaches during the 6
calendar months preceding the month of the test, of which at
least three of the approaches must have been conducted without
the use of an approach coupler.
(3) The approaches specified in paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of
this section—
(i) Must be conducted under actual or simulated instrument
flight conditions;
(ii) Must be conducted to the decision height for the ILS
approach in the type aircraft in which the practical test is to
be conducted;
(iii) Need not be conducted to the decision height authorized
for Category II operations;
(iv) Must be conducted to the decision height authorized for
Category II operations only if conducted in a flight simulator
or flight training device; and
(v) Must be accomplished in an aircraft of the same category
and class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the
practical test is to be conducted or in a flight simulator that—
(A) Represents an aircraft of the same category and class,
and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the
authorization is sought; and
(B) Is used in accordance with an approved course conducted
by a training center certificated under part 142 of this
chapter.
(4) The flight time acquired in meeting the requirements of
paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section may be used to meet the
requirements of paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section.
(d) Practical test procedures. The practical test
consists of an oral increment and a flight increment.
(1) Oral increment. In the oral increment of the
practical test an applicant must demonstrate knowledge of the
following:
(i) Required landing distance;
(ii) Recognition of the decision height;
(iii) Missed approach procedures and techniques using
computed or fixed attitude guidance displays;
(iv) Use and limitations of RVR;
(v) Use of visual clues, their availability or limitations,
and altitude at which they are normally discernible at reduced
RVR readings;
(vi) Procedures and techniques related to transition from
nonvisual to visual flight during a final approach under reduced
RVR;
(vii) Effects of vertical and horizontal windshear;
(viii) Characteristics and limitations of the ILS and runway
lighting system;
(ix) Characteristics and limitations of the flight director
system, auto approach coupler (including split axis type if
equipped), auto throttle system (if equipped), and other
required Category II equipment;
(x) Assigned duties of the second in command during Category
II approaches, unless the aircraft for which authorization is
sought does not require a second in command; and
(xi) Instrument and equipment failure warning systems.
(2) Flight increment. The following requirements apply
to the flight increment of the practical test:
(i) The flight increment must be conducted in an aircraft of
the same category, class, and type, as applicable, as the
aircraft in which the authorization is sought or in a flight
simulator that—
(A) Represents an aircraft of the same category and class,
and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the
authorization is sought; and
(B) Is used in accordance with an approved course conducted
by a training center certificated under part 142 of this
chapter.
(ii) The flight increment must consist of at least two ILS
approaches to 100 feet AGL including at least one landing and
one missed approach.
(iii) All approaches performed during the flight increment
must be made with the use of an approved flight control guidance
system, except if an approved auto approach coupler is
installed, at least one approach must be hand flown using flight
director commands.
(iv) If a multiengine airplane with the performance
capability to execute a missed approach with one engine
inoperative is used for the practical test, the flight increment
must include the performance of one missed approach with an
engine, which shall be the most critical engine, if applicable,
set at idle or zero thrust before reaching the middle marker.
(v) If a multiengine flight simulator or multiengine flight
training device is used for the practical test, the applicant
must execute a missed approach with the most critical engine, if
applicable, failed.
(vi) For an authorization for an aircraft that requires a
type rating, the practical test must be performed in
coordination with a second in command who holds a type rating in
the aircraft in which the authorization is sought.
(vii) Oral questioning may be conducted at any time during a
practical test.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40900, July 30, 1997]
§ 61.68 Category III pilot authorization requirements.
top (a) General. A person who applies for a Category III
pilot authorization must hold:
(1) At least a private pilot certificate or commercial pilot
certificate with an instrument rating or an airline transport
pilot certificate;
(2) A type rating for the aircraft for which the
authorization is sought if that aircraft requires a type rating;
and
(3) A category and class rating for the aircraft for which
the authorization is sought.
(b) Experience requirements. An applicant for a
Category III pilot authorization must have at least—
(1) 50 hours of night flight time as pilot in command.
(2) 75 hours of instrument flight time during actual or
simulated instrument conditions that may include not more than—
(i) A combination of 25 hours of simulated instrument flight
time in a flight simulator or flight training device; or
(ii) 40 hours of simulated instrument flight time if
accomplished in an approved course conducted by an appropriately
rated training center certificated under part 142 of this
chapter.
(3) 250 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in
command.
(c) Practical test requirements. (1) A practical test
must be passed by a person who applies for—
(i) Issuance or renewal of a Category III pilot
authorization; and
(ii) The addition of another type of aircraft to the
applicant's Category III pilot authorization.
(2) To be eligible for the practical test for an
authorization under this section, an applicant must—
(i) Meet the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this
section; and
(ii) If the applicant has not passed a practical test for
this authorization during the 12 calendar months preceding the
month of the test, then that person must—
(A) Meet the requirements of §61.57(c); and
(B) Have performed at least six ILS approaches during the 6
calendar months preceding the month of the test, of which at
least three of the approaches must have been conducted without
the use of an approach coupler.
(3) The approaches specified in paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of
this section—
(i) Must be conducted under actual or simulated instrument
flight conditions;
(ii) Must be conducted to the alert height or decision height
for the ILS approach in the type aircraft in which the practical
test is to be conducted;
(iii) Need not be conducted to the decision height authorized
for Category III operations;
(iv) Must be conducted to the alert height or decision
height, as applicable, authorized for Category III operations
only if conducted in a flight simulator or flight training
device; and
(v) Must be accomplished in an aircraft of the same category
and class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the
practical test is to be conducted or in a flight simulator that—
(A) Represents an aircraft of the same category and class,
and type, as applicable, as the aircraft for which the
authorization is sought; and
(B) Is used in accordance with an approved course conducted
by a training center certificated under part 142 of this
chapter.
(4) The flight time acquired in meeting the requirements of
paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section may be used to meet the
requirements of paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section.
(d) Practical test procedures. The practical test
consists of an oral increment and a flight increment.
(1) Oral increment. In the oral increment of the
practical test an applicant must demonstrate knowledge of the
following:
(i) Required landing distance;
(ii) Determination and recognition of the alert height or
decision height, as applicable, including use of a radar
altimeter;
(iii) Recognition of and proper reaction to significant
failures encountered prior to and after reaching the alert
height or decision height, as applicable;
(iv) Missed approach procedures and techniques using computed
or fixed attitude guidance displays and expected height loss as
they relate to manual go-around or automatic go-around, and
initiation altitude, as applicable;
(v) Use and limitations of RVR, including determination of
controlling RVR and required transmissometers;
(vi) Use, availability, or limitations of visual cues and the
altitude at which they are normally discernible at reduced RVR
readings including—
(A) Unexpected deterioration of conditions to less than
minimum RVR during approach, flare, and rollout;
(B) Demonstration of expected visual references with weather
at minimum conditions;
(C) The expected sequence of visual cues during an approach
in which visibility is at or above landing minima; and
(D) Procedures and techniques for making a transition from
instrument reference flight to visual flight during a final
approach under reduced RVR.
(vii) Effects of vertical and horizontal windshear;
(viii) Characteristics and limitations of the ILS and runway
lighting system;
(ix) Characteristics and limitations of the flight director
system auto approach coupler (including split axis type if
equipped), auto throttle system (if equipped), and other
Category III equipment;
(x) Assigned duties of the second in command during Category
III operations, unless the aircraft for which authorization is
sought does not require a second in command;
(xi) Recognition of the limits of acceptable aircraft
position and flight path tracking during approach, flare, and,
if applicable, rollout; and
(xii) Recognition of, and reaction to, airborne or ground
system faults or abnormalities, particularly after passing alert
height or decision height, as applicable.
(2) Flight increment. The following requirements apply
to the flight increment of the practical test—
(i) The flight increment may be conducted in an aircraft of
the same category and class, and type, as applicable, as the
aircraft for which the authorization is sought, or in a flight
simulator that—
(A) Represents an aircraft of the same category and class,
and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the
authorization is sought; and
(B) Is used in accordance with an approved course conducted
by a training center certificated under part 142 of this
chapter.
(ii) The flight increment must consist of at least two ILS
approaches to 100 feet AGL, including one landing and one missed
approach initiated from a very low altitude that may result in a
touchdown during the go-around maneuver;
(iii) All approaches performed during the flight increment
must be made with the approved automatic landing system or an
equivalent landing system approved by the Administrator;
(iv) If a multiengine aircraft with the performance
capability to execute a missed approach with one engine
inoperative is used for the practical test, the flight increment
must include the performance of one missed approach with the
most critical engine, if applicable, set at idle or zero thrust
before reaching the middle or outer marker;
(v) If a multiengine flight simulator or multiengine flight
training device is used, a missed approach must be executed with
an engine, which shall be the most critical engine, if
applicable, failed;
(vi) For an authorization for an aircraft that requires a
type rating, the practical test must be performed in
coordination with a second in command who holds a type rating in
the aircraft in which the authorization is sought;
(vii) Oral questioning may be conducted at any time during
the practical test;
(viii) Subject to the limitations of this paragraph, for
Category IIIb operations predicated on the use of a fail-passive
rollout control system, at least one manual rollout using visual
reference or a combination of visual and instrument references
must be executed. The maneuver required by this paragraph shall
be initiated by a fail-passive disconnect of the rollout control
system—
(A) After main gear touchdown;
(B) Prior to nose gear touchdown;
(C) In conditions representative of the most adverse lateral
touchdown displacement allowing a safe landing on the runway;
and
(D) In weather conditions anticipated in Category IIIb
operations.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40900, July 30, 1997]
§ 61.69 Glider and unpowered ultralight vehicle towing:
Experience and training requirements.
top (a) No person may act as pilot in command for towing a glider
or unpowered ultralight vehicle unless that person—
(1) Holds a private, commercial or airline transport pilot
certificate with a category rating for powered aircraft;
(2) Has logged at least 100 hours of pilot-in-command time in
the aircraft category, class and type, if required, that the
pilot is using to tow a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle;
(3) Has a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor
who certifies that the person has received ground and flight
training in gliders or unpowered ultralight vehicles and is
proficient in—
(i) The techniques and procedures essential to the safe
towing of gliders or unpowered ultralight vehicles, including
airspeed limitations;
(ii) Emergency procedures;
(iii) Signals used; and
(iv) Maximum angles of bank.
(4) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, has
logged at least three flights as the sole manipulator of the
controls of an aircraft while towing a glider or unpowered
ultralight vehicle, or has simulated towing flight procedures in
an aircraft while accompanied by a pilot who meets the
requirements of paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section.
(5) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, has
received a logbook endorsement from the pilot, described in
paragraph (a)(4) of this section, certifying that the person has
accomplished at least 3 flights in an aircraft while towing a
glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle, or while simulating
towing flight procedures; and
(6) Within 24 calendar months before the flight has—
(i) Made at least three actual or simulated tows of a glider
or unpowered ultralight vehicle while accompanied by a qualified
pilot who meets the requirements of this section; or
(ii) Made at least three flights as pilot in command of a
glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle towed by an aircraft.
(b) Any person who, before May 17, 1967, has made and logged
10 or more flights as pilot in command of an aircraft towing a
glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle in accordance with a
certificate of waiver need not comply with paragraphs (a)(4) and
(a)(5) of this section.
(c) The pilot, described in paragraph (a)(4) of this section,
who endorses the logbook of a person seeking towing privileges
must have—
(1) Met the requirements of this section prior to endorsing
the logbook of the person seeking towing privileges; and
(2) Logged at least 10 flights as pilot in command of an
aircraft while towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle.
(d) If the pilot described in paragraph (a)(4) of this
section holds only a private pilot certificate, then that pilot
must have—
(1) Logged at least 100 hours of pilot-in-command time in
airplanes, or 200 hours of pilot-in-command time in a
combination of powered and other-than-powered aircraft; and
(2) Performed and logged at least three flights within the 12
calendar months preceding the month that pilot accompanies or
endorses the logbook of a person seeking towing privileges—
(i) In an aircraft while towing a glider or unpowered
ultralight vehicle accompanied by another pilot who meets the
requirements of this section; or
(ii) As pilot in command of a glider or unpowered ultralight
vehicle being towed by another aircraft.
[Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44866, July 27, 2004, as
amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42555, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.71 Graduates of an approved training program other
than under this part: Special rules.
top (a) A person who graduates from an approved training program
under part 141 or part 142 of this chapter is considered to have
met the applicable aeronautical experience, aeronautical
knowledge, and areas of operation requirements of this part if
that person presents the graduation certificate and passes the
required practical test within the 60-day period after the date
of graduation.
(b) A person may apply for an airline transport pilot
certificate, type rating, or both under this part, and will be
considered to have met the applicable requirements under §61.157
of this part for that certificate and rating, if that person
has:
(1) Satisfactorily accomplished an approved training program
and the pilot-in-command proficiency check for that airplane
type, in accordance with the pilot-in-command requirements under
subparts N and O of part 121 of this chapter; and
(2) Applied for the airline transport pilot certificate, type
rating, or both within the 60-day period from the date the
person satisfactorily accomplished the approved training program
and pilot-in-command proficiency check for that airplane type.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40901, July 30, 1997]
§ 61.73 Military pilots or former military pilots: Special
rules.
top (a) General. Except for a person who has been removed
from flying status for lack of proficiency or because of a
disciplinary action involving aircraft operations, a U.S.
military pilot or former military pilot who meets the
requirements of this section may apply, on the basis of his or
her military pilot qualifications, for:
(1) A commercial pilot certificate with the appropriate
aircraft category and class rating.
(2) An instrument rating with the appropriate aircraft
rating.
(3) A type rating.
(b) Military pilots and former military pilots in the U.S.
Armed Forces. A person who qualifies as a military pilot or
former military pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces may apply for a
pilot certificate and ratings under paragraph (a) of this
section if that person—
(1) Presents evidentiary documents described under paragraphs
(h)(1), (2), and (3) of this section that show the person's
status in the U.S. Armed Forces.
(2) Has passed the military competency aeronautical knowledge
test on the appropriate parts of this chapter for commercial
pilot privileges and limitations, air traffic and general
operating rules, and accident reporting rules.
(3) Presents official U.S. military records that show
compliance with one of the following requirements—
(i) Before the date of the application, passing an official
U.S. military pilot and instrument proficiency check in a
military aircraft of the kind of aircraft category, class, and
type, if class or type of aircraft is applicable, for the
ratings sought; or
(ii) Before the date of application, logging 10 hours of
pilot time as a military pilot in a U.S. military aircraft in
the kind of aircraft category, class, and type, if a class
rating or type rating is applicable, for the aircraft rating
sought.
(c) A military pilot in the Armed Forces of a foreign
contracting State to the Convention on International Civil
Aviation. A person who is a military pilot in the Armed
Forces of a foreign contracting State to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation and is assigned to pilot duties in
the U.S. Armed Forces, for purposes other than receiving flight
training, may apply for a commercial pilot certificate and
ratings under paragraph (a) of this section, provided that
person—
(1) Presents evidentiary documents described under paragraph
(h)(4) of this section that show the person is a military pilot
in the Armed Forces of a foreign contracting State to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation, and is assigned to
pilot duties in the U.S. Armed Forces, for purposes other than
receiving flight training.
(2) Has passed the military competency aeronautical knowledge
test on the appropriate parts of this chapter for commercial
pilot privileges and limitations, air traffic and general
operating rules, and accident reporting rules.
(3) Presents official U.S. military records that show
compliance with one of the following requirements:
(i) Before the date of the application, passed an official
U.S. military pilot and instrument proficiency check in a
military aircraft of the kind of aircraft category, class, or
type, if class or type of aircraft is applicable, for the
ratings; or
(ii) Before the date of the application, logged 10 hours of
pilot time as a military pilot in a U.S. military aircraft of
the kind of category, class, and type of aircraft, if a class
rating or type rating is applicable, for the aircraft rating.
(d) Instrument rating. A person who is qualified as a
U.S. military pilot or former military pilot may apply for an
instrument rating to be added to a pilot certificate if that
person—
(1) Has passed an instrument proficiency check in the U.S.
Armed Forces in the aircraft category for the instrument rating
sought; and
(2) Has an official U.S. Armed Forces record that shows the
person is instrument pilot qualified by the U.S. Armed Forces to
conduct instrument flying on Federal airways in that aircraft
category and class for the instrument rating sought.
(e) Aircraft type rating. An aircraft type rating may
only be issued for a type of aircraft that has a comparable
civilian type designation by the Administrator.
(f) Aircraft type rating placed on an airline transport
pilot certificate. A person who is a military pilot or
former military pilot of the U.S. Armed Forces and requests an
aircraft type rating to be placed on an existing U.S. airline
transport pilot certificate may be issued the rating at the
airline transport pilot certification level, provided that
person:
(1) Holds a category and class rating for that type of
aircraft at the airline transport pilot certification level; and
(2) Has passed an official U.S. military pilot check and
instrument proficiency check in that type of aircraft.
(g) Flight instructor certificate and ratings. A
person who can show official U.S. military documentation of
being a U.S. military instructor pilot or U.S. military pilot
examiner, or a former instructor pilot or pilot examiner may
apply for and be issued a flight instructor certificate with the
appropriate ratings if that person:
(1) Holds a commercial or airline transport pilot certificate
with the appropriate aircraft category and class rating, if a
class rating is appropriate, for the flight instructor rating
sought;
(2) Holds an instrument rating, or has instrument privileges,
on the pilot certificate that is appropriate to the flight
instructor rating sought; and
(3) Presents the following documents:
(i) A knowledge test report that shows the person passed a
knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed under
§61.185(a) appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought
and the knowledge test was passed within the preceding 24
calendar months prior to the month of application. If the U.S.
military instructor pilot or pilot examiner already holds a
flight instructor certificate, holding of a flight instructor
certificate suffices for the knowledge test report.
(ii) An official U.S. Armed Forces record or order that shows
the person is or was qualified as a U.S. Armed Forces military
instructor pilot or pilot examiner for the flight instructor
rating sought.
(iii) An official U.S. Armed Forces record or order that
shows the person completed a U.S. Armed Forces' instructor pilot
or pilot examiner training course and received an aircraft
rating qualification as a military instructor pilot or pilot
examiner that is appropriate to the flight instructor rating
sought.
(iv) An official U.S. Armed Forces record or order that shows
the person passed a U.S. Armed Forces instructor pilot or pilot
examiner proficiency check in an aircraft as a military
instructor pilot or pilot examiner that is appropriate to the
flight instructor rating sought.
(h) Documents for qualifying for a pilot certificate and
rating. The following documents are required for a person to
apply for a pilot certificate and rating:
(1) An official U.S. Armed Forces record that shows the
person is or was a military pilot.
(2) An official U.S. Armed Forces record that shows the
person graduated from a U.S. Armed Forces undergraduate pilot
training school and received a rating qualification as a
military pilot.
(3) An official U.S. Armed Forces record that shows the pilot
passed a pilot proficiency check and instrument proficiency
check in an aircraft as a military pilot.
(4) If a person is a military pilot in the Armed Forces from
a foreign contracting State to the Convention on International
Civil Aviation and is applying for a pilot certificate and
rating, that person must present the following:
(i) An official U.S. Armed Forces record that shows the
person is a military pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces;
(ii) An official U.S. Armed Forces record that shows the
person is assigned as a military pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces
for purposes other than receiving flight training;
(iii) An official record that shows the person graduated from
a military undergraduate pilot training school from the Armed
Forces from a foreign contracting State to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation or from the U.S. Armed Forces, and
received a qualification as a military pilot; and
(iv) An official U.S. Armed Forces record that shows that the
person passed a pilot proficiency check and instrument
proficiency check in an aircraft as a military pilot in the U.S.
Armed Forces.
[Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42555, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.75 Private pilot certificate issued on the basis of a
foreign pilot license.
top (a) General. A person who holds a foreign pilot
license at the private pilot level or higher that was issued by
a contracting State to the Convention on International Civil
Aviation may apply for and be issued a U.S. private pilot
certificate with the appropriate ratings if the foreign pilot
license meets the requirements of this section.
(b) Certificate issued. A U.S. private pilot
certificate issued under this section must specify the person's
foreign license number and country of issuance. A person who
holds a foreign pilot license issued by a contracting State to
the Convention on International Civil Aviation may be issued a
U.S. private pilot certificate based on the foreign pilot
license without any further showing of proficiency, provided the
applicant:
(1) Meets the requirements of this section;
(2) Holds a foreign pilot license, at the private pilot
license level or higher, that does not contain a limitation
stating that the applicant has not met all of the standards of
ICAO for that license;
(3) Does not hold a U.S. pilot certificate other than a U.S.
student pilot certificate;
(4) Holds a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this
chapter or a medical license issued by the country that issued
the person's foreign pilot license; and
(5) Is able to read, speak, write, and understand the English
language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these
requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may
place such operating limitations on that applicant's pilot
certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the
aircraft.
(c) Aircraft ratings issued. Aircraft ratings listed
on a person's foreign pilot license, in addition to any issued
after testing under the provisions of this part, may be placed
on that person's U.S. pilot certificate for private pilot
privileges only.
(d) Instrument ratings issued. A person who holds an
instrument rating on the foreign pilot license issued by a
contracting State to the Convention on International Civil
Aviation may be issued an instrument rating on a U.S. pilot
certificate provided:
(1) The person's foreign pilot license authorizes instrument
privileges;
(2) Within 24 months preceding the month in which the person
applies for the instrument rating, the person passes the
appropriate knowledge test; and
(3) The person is able to read, speak, write, and understand
the English language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of
these requirements due to medical reasons, then the
Administrator may place such operating limitations on that
applicant's pilot certificate as are necessary for the safe
operation of the aircraft.
(e) Operating privileges and limitations. A person who
receives a U.S. private pilot certificate that has been issued
under the provisions of this section:
(1) May act as pilot in command of a civil aircraft of the
United States in accordance with the pilot privileges authorized
by this part and the limitations placed on that U.S. pilot
certificate;
(2) Is limited to the privileges placed on the certificate by
the Administrator;
(3) Is subject to the limitations and restrictions on the
person's U.S. certificate and foreign pilot license when
exercising the privileges of that U.S. pilot certificate in an
aircraft of U.S. registry operating within or outside the United
States; and
(f) Limitation on licenses used as the basis for a U.S.
certificate. A person may use only one foreign pilot license
as a basis for the issuance of a U.S. pilot certificate. The
foreign pilot license and medical certification used as a basis
for issuing a U.S. pilot certificate under this section must be
written in English or accompanied by an English transcription
that has been signed by an official or representative of the
foreign aviation authority that issued the foreign pilot
license.
(g) Limitation placed on a U.S. pilot certificate. A
U.S. pilot certificate issued under this section can only be
exercised when the pilot has the foreign pilot license, upon
which the issuance of the U.S. pilot certificate was based, in
the holder's possession or readily accessible in the aircraft.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42556, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.77 Special purpose pilot authorization: Operation of
a civil aircraft of the United States and leased by a non-U.S.
citizen.
top (a) General. The holder of a foreign pilot license
issued by a contracting State to the Convention on International
Civil Aviation who meets the requirements of this section may be
issued a special purpose pilot authorization by the
Administrator for the purpose of performing pilot duties—
(1) On a civil aircraft of U.S. registry that is leased to a
person who is not a citizen of the United States, and
(2) For carrying persons or property for compensation or hire
for operations in—
(i) Scheduled international air services in turbojet-powered
airplanes of U.S. registry;
(ii) Scheduled international air services in airplanes of
U.S. registry having a configuration of more than nine passenger
seats, excluding crewmember seats;
(iii) Nonscheduled international air transportation in
airplanes of U.S. registry having a configuration of more than
30 passenger seats, excluding crewmember seats; or
(iv) Scheduled international air services, or nonscheduled
international air transportation, in airplanes of U.S. registry
having a payload capacity of more than 7,500 pounds.
(b) Eligibility. To be eligible for the issuance or
renewal of a special purpose pilot authorization, an applicant
must present the following to an FAA Flight Standards District
Office:
(1) A foreign pilot license issued by the aeronautical
authority of a contracting State to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation that contains the appropriate
aircraft category, class, type rating, if appropriate, and
instrument rating for the aircraft to be flown;
(2) A certification by the lessee of the aircraft—
(i) Stating that the applicant is employed by the lessee;
(ii) Specifying the aircraft type on which the applicant will
perform pilot duties; and
(iii) Stating that the applicant has received ground and
flight instruction that qualifies the applicant to perform the
duties to be assigned on the aircraft.
(3) Documentation showing when the applicant will reach the
age of 65 years (an official copy of the applicant's birth
certificate or other official documentation);
(4) Documentation the applicant meets the medical standards
for the issuance of the foreign pilot license from the
aeronautical authority of that contracting State to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation; and
(5) A statement that the applicant does not already hold a
special purpose pilot authorization; however, if the applicant
already holds a special purpose pilot authorization, then that
special purpose pilot authorization must be surrendered to
either the FAA Flight Standards District Office that issued it,
or the FAA Flight Standards District Office processing the
application for the authorization, prior to being issued another
special purpose pilot authorization.
(c) Privileges. A person issued a special purpose
pilot authorization under this section—
(1) May exercise the privileges prescribed on the special
purpose pilot authorization; and
(2) Must comply with the limitations specified in this
section and any additional limitations specified on the special
purpose pilot authorization.
(d) General limitations. A special purpose pilot
authorization may be used only—
(1) For flights between foreign countries or for flights in
foreign air commerce within the time period allotted on the
authorization.
(2) If the foreign pilot license required by paragraph (b)(1)
of this section, the medical documentation required by paragraph
(b)(4) of this section, and the special purpose pilot
authorization issued under this section are in the holder's
physical possession or immediately accessible in the aircraft.
(3) While the holder is employed by the person to whom the
aircraft described in the certification required by paragraph
(b)(2) of this section is leased.
(4) While the holder is performing pilot duties on the
U.S.-registered aircraft described in the certification required
by paragraph (b)(2) of this section.
(5) If the holder has only one special purpose pilot
authorization as provided in paragraph (b)(5) of this section.
(e) Age limitation. No person who holds a special
purpose pilot authorization issued under this part, may serve as
a pilot on a civil airplane of U.S. registry if the person has
reached his or her 65th birthday, in the following operations:
(1) Scheduled international air services carrying passengers
in turbojet-powered airplanes;
(2) Scheduled international air services carrying passengers
in airplanes having a passenger-seat configuration of more than
nine passenger seats, excluding each crewmember seat;
(3) Nonscheduled international air transportation for
compensation or hire in airplanes having a passenger-seat
configuration of more than 30 passenger seats, excluding each
crewmember seat; or
(4) Scheduled international air services, or nonscheduled
international air transportation for compensation or hire, in
airplanes having a payload capacity of more than 7,500 pounds.
(f) Definitions. (1) International air service,
as used in paragraph (e) of this section, means scheduled air
service performed in airplanes for the public transport of
passengers, mail, or cargo, in which the service passes through
the air space over the territory of more than one country.
(2) International air transportation, as used in
paragraph (e) of this section, means air transportation
performed in airplanes for the public transport of passengers,
mail, or cargo, in which service passes through the air space
over the territory of more than one country.
(g) Age Pairing Requirement. No person who has
attained the age of 60 but who has not attained the age of 65
may serve as a pilot in command in any of the operations
described in §61.3(j)(1)(i) through (iv) unless there is another
pilot in the flight deck crew who has not yet attained 60 years
of age.
(h) Expiration date. Each special purpose pilot
authorization issued under this section expires—
(1) 60 calendar months from the month it was issued, unless
sooner suspended or revoked;
(2) When the lease agreement for the aircraft expires or the
lessee terminates the employment of the person who holds the
special purpose pilot authorization;
(3) Whenever the person's foreign pilot license has been
suspended, revoked, or is no longer valid; or
(4) When the person no longer meets the medical standards for
the issuance of the foreign pilot license.
(i) Renewal. A person exercising the privileges of a
special purpose pilot authorization may apply for a
60-calendar-month extension of that authorization, provided the
person—
(1) Continues to meet the requirements of this section; and
(2) Surrenders the expired special purpose pilot
authorization upon receipt of the new authorization.
(j) Surrender. The holder of a special purpose pilot
authorization must surrender the authorization to the
Administrator within 7 days after the date the authorization
terminates.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40901, July 30, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–123, 74 FR 34234, July 15, 2009; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR
42557, Aug. 21, 2009]
Subpart C—Student Pilots
top
§ 61.81 Applicability.
top This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of
student pilot certificates, the conditions under which those
certificates are necessary, and the general operating rules and
limitations for the holders of those certificates.
§ 61.83 Eligibility requirements for student pilots.
top To be eligible for a student pilot certificate, an applicant
must:
(a) Be at least 16 years of age for other than the operation
of a glider or balloon.
(b) Be at least 14 years of age for the operation of a glider
or balloon.
(c) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English
language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these
requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may
place such operating limitations on that applicant's pilot
certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the
aircraft.
§ 61.85 Application.
top An application for a student pilot certificate is made on a
form and in a manner provided by the Administrator and is
submitted to:
(a) A designated aviation medical examiner if applying for an
FAA medical certificate under part 67 of this chapter;
(b) An examiner; or
(c) A Flight Standards District Office.
§ 61.87 Solo requirements for student pilots.
top (a) General. A student pilot may not operate an
aircraft in solo flight unless that student has met the
requirements of this section. The term “solo flight” as used in
this subpart means that flight time during which a student pilot
is the sole occupant of the aircraft or that flight time during
which the student performs the duties of a pilot in command of a
gas balloon or an airship requiring more than one pilot flight
crewmember.
(b) Aeronautical knowledge. A student pilot must
demonstrate satisfactory aeronautical knowledge on a knowledge
test that meets the requirements of this paragraph:
(1) The test must address the student pilot's knowledge of—
(i) Applicable sections of parts 61 and 91 of this chapter;
(ii) Airspace rules and procedures for the airport where the
solo flight will be performed; and
(iii) Flight characteristics and operational limitations for
the make and model of aircraft to be flown.
(2) The student's authorized instructor must—
(i) Administer the test; and
(ii) At the conclusion of the test, review all incorrect
answers with the student before authorizing that student to
conduct a solo flight.
(c) Pre-solo flight training. Prior to conducting a
solo flight, a student pilot must have:
(1) Received and logged flight training for the maneuvers and
procedures of this section that are appropriate to the make and
model of aircraft to be flown; and
(2) Demonstrated satisfactory proficiency and safety, as
judged by an authorized instructor, on the maneuvers and
procedures required by this section in the make and model of
aircraft or similar make and model of aircraft to be flown.
(d) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training
in a single-engine airplane. A student pilot who is
receiving training for a single-engine airplane rating or
privileges must receive and log flight training for the
following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight
planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft
systems;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns;
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure
procedures;
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake
turbulence avoidance;
(8) Descents, with and without turns, using high and low drag
configurations;
(9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight;
(10) Stall entries from various flight attitudes and power
combinations with recovery initiated at the first indication of
a stall, and recovery from a full stall;
(11) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(12) Ground reference maneuvers;
(13) Approaches to a landing area with simulated engine
malfunctions;
(14) Slips to a landing; and
(15) Go-arounds.
(e) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training
in a multiengine airplane. A student pilot who is receiving
training for a multiengine airplane rating must receive and log
flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight
planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft
systems;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns;
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure
procedures;
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake
turbulence avoidance;
(8) Descents, with and without turns, using high and low drag
configurations;
(9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight;
(10) Stall entries from various flight attitudes and power
combinations with recovery initiated at the first indication of
a stall, and recovery from a full stall;
(11) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(12) Ground reference maneuvers;
(13) Approaches to a landing area with simulated engine
malfunctions; and
(14) Go-arounds.
(f) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training
in a helicopter. A student pilot who is receiving training
for a helicopter rating must receive and log flight training for
the following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight
planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft
systems;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns;
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure
procedures;
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake
turbulence avoidance;
(8) Descents with and without turns;
(9) Flight at various airspeeds;
(10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(11) Ground reference maneuvers;
(12) Approaches to the landing area;
(13) Hovering and hovering turns;
(14) Go-arounds;
(15) Simulated emergency procedures, including autorotational
descents with a power recovery and power recovery to a hover;
(16) Rapid decelerations; and
(17) Simulated one-engine-inoperative approaches and landings
for multiengine helicopters.
(g) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training
in a gyroplane. A student pilot who is receiving training
for a gyroplane rating or privileges must receive and log flight
training for the following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight
planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft
systems;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns;
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure
procedures;
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake
turbulence avoidance;
(8) Descents with and without turns;
(9) Flight at various airspeeds;
(10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(11) Ground reference maneuvers;
(12) Approaches to the landing area;
(13) High rates of descent with power on and with simulated
power off, and recovery from those flight configurations;
(14) Go-arounds; and
(15) Simulated emergency procedures, including simulated
power-off landings and simulated power failure during
departures.
(h) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training
in a powered-lift. A student pilot who is receiving training
for a powered-lift rating must receive and log flight training
in the following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight
planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft
systems;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns;
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure
procedures;
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake
turbulence avoidance;
(8) Descents with and without turns;
(9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight;
(10) Stall entries from various flight attitudes and power
combinations with recovery initiated at the first indication of
a stall, and recovery from a full stall;
(11) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(12) Ground reference maneuvers;
(13) Approaches to a landing with simulated engine
malfunctions;
(14) Go-arounds;
(15) Approaches to the landing area;
(16) Hovering and hovering turns; and
(17) For multiengine powered-lifts, simulated
one-engine-inoperative approaches and landings.
(i) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training
in a glider. A student pilot who is receiving training for a
glider rating or privileges must receive and log flight training
for the following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight
planning, preparation, aircraft systems, and, if appropriate,
powerplant operations;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups, if
applicable;
(3) Launches, including normal and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions,
if applicable;
(5) Airport traffic patterns, including entry procedures;
(6) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake
turbulence avoidance;
(7) Descents with and without turns using high and low drag
configurations;
(8) Flight at various airspeeds;
(9) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(10) Ground reference maneuvers, if applicable;
(11) Inspection of towline rigging and review of signals and
release procedures, if applicable;
(12) Aerotow, ground tow, or self-launch procedures;
(13) Procedures for disassembly and assembly of the glider;
(14) Stall entry, stall, and stall recovery;
(15) Straight glides, turns, and spirals;
(16) Landings, including normal and crosswind;
(17) Slips to a landing;
(18) Procedures and techniques for thermalling; and
(19) Emergency operations, including towline break
procedures.
(j) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training
in an airship. A student pilot who is receiving training for
an airship rating or privileges must receive and log flight
training for the following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight
planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft
systems;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns;
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure
procedures;
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake
turbulence avoidance;
(8) Descents with and without turns;
(9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight;
(10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(11) Ground reference maneuvers;
(12) Rigging, ballasting, and controlling pressure in the
ballonets, and superheating; and
(13) Landings with positive and with negative static trim.
(k) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training
in a balloon. A student pilot who is receiving training in a
balloon must receive and log flight training for the following
maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Layout and assembly procedures;
(2) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight
planning and preparation, and aircraft systems;
(3) Ascents and descents;
(4) Landing and recovery procedures;
(5) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(6) Operation of hot air or gas source, ballast, valves,
vents, and rip panels, as appropriate;
(7) Use of deflation valves or rip panels for simulating an
emergency;
(8) The effects of wind on climb and approach angles; and
(9) Obstruction detection and avoidance techniques.
(l) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training
in a powered parachute. A student pilot who is receiving
training for a powered parachute rating or privileges must
receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and
procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight
planning and preparation, preflight assembly and rigging,
aircraft systems, and powerplant operations.
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including run-ups.
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind.
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions.
(5) Climbs, and climbing turns in both directions.
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure
procedures.
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake
turbulence avoidance.
(8) Descents, and descending turns in both directions.
(9) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions.
(10) Ground reference maneuvers.
(11) Straight glides, and gliding turns in both directions.
(12) Go-arounds.
(13) Approaches to landing areas with a simulated engine
malfunction.
(14) Procedures for canopy packing and aircraft disassembly.
(m) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training
in a weight-shift-control aircraft. A student pilot who is
receiving training for a weight-shift-control aircraft rating or
privileges must receive and log flight training for the
following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight
planning and preparation, preflight assembly and rigging,
aircraft systems, and powerplant operations.
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including run-ups.
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind.
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions.
(5) Climbs, and climbing turns in both directions.
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure
procedures.
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake
turbulence avoidance.
(8) Descents, and descending turns in both directions.
(9) Flight at various airspeeds from maximum cruise to slow
flight.
(10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions.
(11) Ground reference maneuvers.
(12) Stall entry, stall, and stall recovery.
(13) Straight glides, and gliding turns in both directions.
(14) Go-arounds.
(15) Approaches to landing areas with a simulated engine
malfunction.
(16) Procedures for disassembly.
(n) Limitations on student pilots operating an aircraft in
solo flight. A student pilot may not operate an aircraft in
solo flight unless that student pilot has received:
(1) An endorsement from an authorized instructor on his or
her student pilot certificate for the specific make and model
aircraft to be flown; and
(2) An endorsement in the student's logbook for the specific
make and model aircraft to be flown by an authorized instructor,
who gave the training within the 90 days preceding the date of
the flight.
(o) Limitations on student pilots operating an aircraft in
solo flight at night. A student pilot may not operate an
aircraft in solo flight at night unless that student pilot has
received:
(1) Flight training at night on night flying procedures that
includes takeoffs, approaches, landings, and go-arounds at night
at the airport where the solo flight will be conducted;
(2) Navigation training at night in the vicinity of the
airport where the solo flight will be conducted; and
(3) An endorsement in the student's logbook for the specific
make and model aircraft to be flown for night solo flight by an
authorized instructor who gave the training within the 90-day
period preceding the date of the flight.
(p) Limitations on flight instructors authorizing solo
flight. No instructor may authorize a student pilot to
perform a solo flight unless that instructor has—
(1) Given that student pilot training in the make and model
of aircraft or a similar make and model of aircraft in which the
solo flight is to be flown;
(2) Determined the student pilot is proficient in the
maneuvers and procedures prescribed in this section;
(3) Determined the student pilot is proficient in the make
and model of aircraft to be flown;
(4) Ensured that the student pilot's certificate has been
endorsed by an instructor authorized to provide flight training
for the specific make and model aircraft to be flown; and
(5) Endorsed the student pilot's logbook for the specific
make and model aircraft to be flown, and that endorsement
remains current for solo flight privileges, provided an
authorized instructor updates the student's logbook every 90
days thereafter.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40902, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20287, Apr. 23,
1998; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44866, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74
FR 42557, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.89 General limitations.
top (a) A student pilot may not act as pilot in command of an
aircraft:
(1) That is carrying a passenger;
(2) That is carrying property for compensation or hire;
(3) For compensation or hire;
(4) In furtherance of a business;
(5) On an international flight, except that a student pilot
may make solo training flights from Haines, Gustavus, or Juneau,
Alaska, to White Horse, Yukon, Canada, and return over the
province of British Columbia;
(6) With a flight or surface visibility of less than 3
statute miles during daylight hours or 5 statute miles at night;
(7) When the flight cannot be made with visual reference to
the surface; or
(8) In a manner contrary to any limitations placed in the
pilot's logbook by an authorized instructor.
(b) A student pilot may not act as a required pilot flight
crewmember on any aircraft for which more than one pilot is
required by the type certificate of the aircraft or regulations
under which the flight is conducted, except when receiving
flight training from an authorized instructor on board an
airship, and no person other than a required flight crewmember
is carried on the aircraft.
(c) A student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate must
comply with the provisions of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this
section and may not act as pilot in command—
(1) Of an aircraft other than a light-sport aircraft;
(2) At night;
(3) At an altitude of more than 10,000 feet MSL or 2,000 feet
AGL, whichever is higher;
(4) In Class B, C, and D airspace, at an airport located in
Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, through, or on an
airport having an operational control tower without having
received the ground and flight training specified in §61.94 and
an endorsement from an authorized instructor;
(5) Of a light-sport aircraft without having received the
applicable ground training, flight training, and instructor
endorsements specified in §61.327 (a) and (b).
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44867, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR
5220, Feb. 1, 2010]
§ 61.91 [Reserved]
top
§ 61.93 Solo cross-country flight requirements.
top (a) General. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (b)
of this section, a student pilot must meet the requirements of
this section before—
(i) Conducting a solo cross-country flight, or any flight
greater than 25 nautical miles from the airport from where the
flight originated.
(ii) Making a solo flight and landing at any location other
than the airport of origination.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, a
student pilot who seeks solo cross-country flight privileges
must:
(i) Have received flight training from an instructor
authorized to provide flight training on the maneuvers and
procedures of this section that are appropriate to the make and
model of aircraft for which solo cross-country privileges are
sought;
(ii) Have demonstrated cross-country proficiency on the
appropriate maneuvers and procedures of this section to an
authorized instructor;
(iii) Have satisfactorily accomplished the pre-solo flight
maneuvers and procedures required by §61.87 of this part in the
make and model of aircraft or similar make and model of aircraft
for which solo cross-country privileges are sought; and
(iv) Comply with any limitations included in the authorized
instructor's endorsement that are required by paragraph (c) of
this section.
(3) A student pilot who seeks solo cross-country flight
privileges must have received ground and flight training from an
authorized instructor on the cross-country maneuvers and
procedures listed in this section that are appropriate to the
aircraft to be flown.
(b) Authorization to perform certain solo flights and
cross-country flights. A student pilot must obtain an
endorsement from an authorized instructor to make solo flights
from the airport where the student pilot normally receives
training to another location. A student pilot who receives this
endorsement must comply with the requirements of this paragraph.
(1) Solo flights may be made to another airport that is
within 25 nautical miles from the airport where the student
pilot normally receives training, provided—
(i) An authorized instructor has given the student pilot
flight training at the other airport, and that training includes
flight in both directions over the route, entering and exiting
the traffic pattern, and takeoffs and landings at the other
airport;
(ii) The authorized instructor who gave the training endorses
the student pilot's logbook authorizing the flight;
(iii) The student pilot has a solo flight endorsement in
accordance with §61.87 of this part;
(iv) The authorized instructor has determined that the
student pilot is proficient to make the flight; and
(v) The purpose of the flight is to practice takeoffs and
landings at that other airport.
(2) Repeated specific solo cross-country flights may be made
to another airport that is within 50 nautical miles of the
airport from which the flight originated, provided—
(i) The authorized instructor has given the student flight
training in both directions over the route, including entering
and exiting the traffic patterns, takeoffs, and landings at the
airports to be used;
(ii) The authorized instructor who gave the training has
endorsed the student's logbook certifying that the student is
proficient to make such flights;
(iii) The student has a solo flight endorsement in accordance
with §61.87 of this part; and
(iv) The student has a solo cross country flight endorsement
in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section; however, for
repeated solo cross country flights to another airport within 50
nautical miles from which the flight originated, separate
endorsements are not required to be made for each flight.
(c) Endorsements for solo cross-country flights.
Except as specified in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, a
student pilot must have the endorsements prescribed in this
paragraph for each cross-country flight:
(1) Student pilot certificate endorsement. A student
pilot must have a solo cross-country endorsement from the
authorized instructor who conducted the training, and that
endorsement must be placed on that person's student pilot
certificate for the specific category of aircraft to be flown.
(2) Logbook endorsement. (i) A student pilot must have
a solo cross-country endorsement from an authorized instructor
that is placed in the student pilot's logbook for the specific
make and model of aircraft to be flown.
(ii) For each cross-country flight, the authorized instructor
who reviews the cross-country planning must make an endorsement
in the person's logbook after reviewing that person's
cross-country planning, as specified in paragraph (d) of this
section. The endorsement must—
(A) Specify the make and model of aircraft to be flown;
(B) State that the student's preflight planning and
preparation is correct and that the student is prepared to make
the flight safely under the known conditions; and
(C) State that any limitations required by the student's
authorized instructor are met.
(d) Limitations on authorized instructors to permit solo
cross-country flights. An authorized instructor may not
permit a student pilot to conduct a solo cross-country flight
unless that instructor has:
(1) Determined that the student's cross-country planning is
correct for the flight;
(2) Reviewed the current and forecast weather conditions and
has determined that the flight can be completed under VFR;
(3) Determined that the student is proficient to conduct the
flight safely;
(4) Determined that the student has the appropriate solo
cross-country endorsement for the make and model of aircraft to
be flown; and
(5) Determined that the student's solo flight endorsement is
current for the make and model aircraft to be flown.
(e) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight
training in a single-engine airplane. A student pilot who is
receiving training for cross-country flight in a single-engine
airplane must receive and log flight training in the following
maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using
pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to
cross-country flight;
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports
and forecasts, including recognition of critical weather
situations and estimating visibility while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure,
area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision
avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the
cross-country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment
installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and
use of the proper operational procedures and indications;
(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way
communication, except that a student pilot seeking a sport pilot
certificate must only receive and log flight training on the use
of radios installed in the aircraft to be flown;
(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures, including
short-field, soft-field, and crosswind takeoffs, approaches, and
landings;
(11) Climbs at best angle and best rate; and
(12) Control and maneuvering solely by reference to flight
instruments, including straight and level flight, turns,
descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and ATC directives. For
student pilots seeking a sport pilot certificate, the provisions
of this paragraph only apply when receiving training for
cross-country flight in an airplane that has a VHgreater
than 87 knots CAS.
(f) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight
training in a multiengine airplane. A student pilot who is
receiving training for cross-country flight in a multiengine
airplane must receive and log flight training in the following
maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using
pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to
cross-country flight;
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports
and forecasts, including recognition of critical weather
situations and estimating visibility while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure,
area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision
avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the
cross-country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment
installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and
use of the proper operational procedures and indications;
(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way
communications;
(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures, including
short-field, soft-field, and crosswind takeoffs, approaches, and
landings;
(11) Climbs at best angle and best rate; and
(12) Control and maneuvering solely by reference to flight
instruments, including straight and level flight, turns,
descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and ATC directives.
(g) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight
training in a helicopter. A student pilot who is receiving
training for cross-country flight in a helicopter must receive
and log flight training for the following maneuvers and
procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using
pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to
cross-country flight;
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports
and forecasts, including recognition of critical weather
situations and estimating visibility while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure,
area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision
avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the
cross-country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment
installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and
use of the proper operational procedures and indications;
(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way
communications; and
(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures.
(h) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight
training in a gyroplane. A student pilot who is receiving
training for cross-country flight in a gyroplane must receive
and log flight training in the following maneuvers and
procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using
pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to
cross-country flight;
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports
and forecasts, including recognition of critical weather
situations and estimating visibility while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure,
area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision
avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the
cross-country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment
installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and
use of the proper operational procedures and indications;
(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way
communication, except that a student pilot seeking a sport pilot
certificate must only receive and log flight training on the use
of radios installed in the aircraft to be flown; and
(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures, including
short-field and soft-field takeoffs, approaches, and landings.
(i) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight
training in a powered-lift. A student pilot who is receiving
training for cross-country flight training in a powered-lift
must receive and log flight training in the following maneuvers
and procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using
pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to
cross-country flight;
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports
and forecasts, including recognition of critical weather
situations and estimating visibility while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure,
area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision
avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the
cross-country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment
installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and
use of the proper operational procedures and indications;
(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way
communications;
(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures that include
high-altitude, steep, and shallow takeoffs, approaches, and
landings; and
(11) Control and maneuvering solely by reference to flight
instruments, including straight and level flight, turns,
descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and ATC directives.
(j) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight
training in a glider. A student pilot who is receiving
training for cross-country flight in a glider must receive and
log flight training in the following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using
pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to
cross-country flight;
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports
and forecasts, including recognition of critical weather
situations and estimating visibility while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure,
area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision
avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the
cross-country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment
installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and
use of the proper operational procedures and indications;
(9) Landings accomplished without the use of the altimeter
from at least 2,000 feet above the surface; and
(10) Recognition of weather and upper air conditions
favorable for cross-country soaring, ascending and descending
flight, and altitude control.
(k) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight
training in an airship. A student pilot who is receiving
training for cross-country flight in an airship must receive and
log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using
pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to
cross-country flight;
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports
and forecasts, including recognition of critical weather
situations and estimating visibility while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure,
area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision
avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the
cross-country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment
installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and
use of the proper operational procedures and indications;
(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way
communication, except that a student pilot seeking a sport pilot
certificate must only receive and log flight training on the use
of radios installed in the aircraft to be flown;
(10) Control of air pressure with regard to ascending and
descending flight and altitude control;
(11) Control of the airship solely by reference to flight
instruments, except for a student pilot seeking a sport pilot
certificate; and
(12) Recognition of weather and upper air conditions
conducive for the direction of cross-country flight.
(l) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight
training in a powered parachute. A student pilot who is
receiving training for cross-country flight in a powered
parachute must receive and log flight training in the following
maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using
pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass,
as appropriate.
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to
cross-country flight.
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports
and forecasts, including recognizing critical weather situations
and estimating visibility while in flight.
(4) Emergency procedures.
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure,
area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach.
(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision
avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance.
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the
cross-country flight will be flown.
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment
installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and
use of the proper operational procedures and indications.
(9) If equipped for flight with navigation radios, the use of
radios for VFR navigation.
(10) Recognition of weather and upper air conditions
favorable for the cross-country flight.
(11) Takeoff, approach and landing procedures.
(m) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight
training in a weight-shift-control aircraft. A student pilot
who is receiving training for cross-country flight in a
weight-shift-control aircraft must receive and log flight
training for the following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using
pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass,
as appropriate.
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to
cross-country flight.
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports
and forecasts, including recognizing critical weather situations
and estimating visibility while in flight.
(4) Emergency procedures.
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure,
area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach.
(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision
avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance.
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the
cross-country flight will be flown.
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment
installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and
use of the proper operational procedures and indications.
(9) If equipped for flight using navigation radios, the use
of radios for VFR navigation.
(10) Recognition of weather and upper air conditions
favorable for the cross-country flight.
(11) Takeoff, approach and landing procedures, including
crosswind approaches and landings.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40902, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44867, July 27,
2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42557, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–125, 75
FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010]
§ 61.94 Student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate or
a recreational pilot certificate: Operations at airports within,
and in airspace located within, Class B, C, and D airspace, or
at airports with an operational control tower in other airspace.
top (a) A student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate or a
recreational pilot certificate who wants to obtain privileges to
operate in Class B, C, and D airspace, at an airport located in
Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, through, or at an
airport having an operational control tower, must receive and
log ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in
the following aeronautical knowledge areas and areas of
operation:
(1) The use of radios, communications, navigation systems and
facilities, and radar services.
(2) Operations at airports with an operating control tower,
to include three takeoffs and landings to a full stop, with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern, at an airport
with an operating control tower.
(3) Applicable flight rules of part 91 of this chapter for
operations in Class B, C, and D airspace and air traffic control
clearances.
(4) Ground and flight training for the specific Class B, C,
or D airspace for which the solo flight is authorized, if
applicable, within the 90-day period preceding the date of the
flight in that airspace. The flight training must be received in
the specific airspace area for which solo flight is authorized.
(5) Ground and flight training for the specific airport
located in Class B, C, or D airspace for which the solo flight
is authorized, if applicable, within the 90-day period preceding
the date of the flight at that airport. The flight and ground
training must be received at the specific airport for which solo
flight is authorized.
(b) The authorized instructor who provides the training
specified in paragraph (a) of this section must provide a
logbook endorsement that certifies the student has received that
training and is proficient to conduct solo flight in that
specific airspace or at that specific airport and in those
aeronautical knowledge areas and areas of operation specified in
this section.
[Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44867, July 27, 2004]
§ 61.95 Operations in Class B airspace and at airports
located within Class B airspace.
top (a) A student pilot may not operate an aircraft on a solo
flight in Class B airspace unless:
(1) The student pilot has received both ground and flight
training from an authorized instructor on that Class B airspace
area, and the flight training was received in the specific Class
B airspace area for which solo flight is authorized;
(2) The logbook of that student pilot has been endorsed by
the authorized instructor who gave the student pilot flight
training, and the endorsement is dated within the 90-day period
preceding the date of the flight in that Class B airspace area;
and
(3) The logbook endorsement specifies that the student pilot
has received the required ground and flight training, and has
been found proficient to conduct solo flight in that specific
Class B airspace area.
(b) A student pilot may not operate an aircraft on a solo
flight to, from, or at an airport located within Class B
airspace pursuant to §91.131(b) of this chapter unless:
(1) The student pilot has received both ground and flight
training from an instructor authorized to provide training to
operate at that airport, and the flight and ground training has
been received at the specific airport for which the solo flight
is authorized;
(2) The logbook of that student pilot has been endorsed by an
authorized instructor who gave the student pilot flight
training, and the endorsement is dated within the 90-day period
preceding the date of the flight at that airport; and
(3) The logbook endorsement specifies that the student pilot
has received the required ground and flight training, and has
been found proficient to conduct solo flight operations at that
specific airport.
(c) This section does not apply to a student pilot seeking a
sport pilot certificate or a recreational pilot certificate.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40902, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44868, July 27,
2004]
Subpart D—Recreational Pilots
top
§ 61.96 Applicability and eligibility requirements:
General.
top (a) This subpart prescribes the requirement for the issuance
of recreational pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions
under which those certificates and ratings are necessary, and
the general operating rules for persons who hold those
certificates and ratings.
(b) To be eligible for a recreational pilot certificate, a
person who applies for that certificate must:
(1) Be at least 17 years of age;
(2) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English
language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these
requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may
place such operating limitations on that applicant's pilot
certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the
aircraft;
(3) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized
instructor who—
(i) Conducted the training or reviewed the applicant's home
study on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in §61.97(b) of
this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating
sought; and
(ii) Certified that the applicant is prepared for the
required knowledge test.
(4) Pass the required knowledge test on the aeronautical
knowledge areas listed in §61.97(b) of this part;
(5) Receive flight training and a logbook endorsement from an
authorized instructor who—
(i) Conducted the training on the areas of operation listed
in §61.98(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft category
and class rating sought; and
(ii) Certified that the applicant is prepared for the
required practical test.
(6) Meet the aeronautical experience requirements of §61.99
of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class
rating sought before applying for the practical test;
(7) Pass the practical test on the areas of operation listed
in §61.98(b) that apply to the aircraft category and class
rating;
(8) Comply with the sections of this part that apply to the
aircraft category and class rating; and
(9) Hold either a student pilot certificate or sport pilot
certificate.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40902, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21,
2009]
§ 61.97 Aeronautical knowledge.
top (a) General. A person who applies for a recreational
pilot certificate must receive and log ground training from an
authorized instructor or complete a home-study course on the
aeronautical knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this section
that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.
(b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) Applicable
Federal Aviation Regulations of this chapter that relate to
recreational pilot privileges, limitations, and flight
operations;
(2) Accident reporting requirements of the National
Transportation Safety Board;
(3) Use of the applicable portions of the “Aeronautical
Information Manual” and FAA advisory circulars;
(4) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using
pilotage with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(5) Recognition of critical weather situations from the
ground and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the procurement
and use of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;
(6) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft, including
collision avoidance, and recognition and avoidance of wake
turbulence;
(7) Effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb
performance;
(8) Weight and balance computations;
(9) Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft
systems;
(10) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery
techniques, if applying for an airplane single-engine rating;
(11) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
(12) Preflight action that includes—
(i) How to obtain information on runway lengths at airports
of intended use, data on takeoff and landing distances, weather
reports and forecasts, and fuel requirements; and
(ii) How to plan for alternatives if the planned flight
cannot be completed or delays are encountered.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40902, July 30, 1997]
§ 61.98 Flight proficiency.
top (a) General. A person who applies for a recreational
pilot certificate must receive and log ground and flight
training from an authorized instructor on the areas of operation
of this section that apply to the aircraft category and class
rating sought.
(b) Areas of operation. (1) For a single-engine
airplane rating: (i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Slow flight and stalls;
(ix) Emergency operations; and
(x) Postflight procedures.
(2) For a helicopter rating: (i) Preflight
preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and heliport operations;
(iv) Hovering maneuvers;
(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(vi) Performance maneuvers;
(vii) Ground reference maneuvers;
(viii) Navigation;
(ix) Emergency operations; and
(x) Postflight procedures.
(3) For a gyroplane rating: (i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Flight at slow airspeeds;
(ix) Emergency operations; and
(x) Postflight procedures.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40902, July 30, 1997]
§ 61.99 Aeronautical experience.
top A person who applies for a recreational pilot certificate
must receive and log at least 30 hours of flight time that
includes at least—
(a) 15 hours of flight training from an authorized instructor
on the areas of operation listed in §61.98 of this part that
consists of at least:
(1) Except as provided in §61.100 of this part, 2 hours of
flight training en route to an airport that is located more than
25 nautical miles from the airport where the applicant normally
trains, which includes at least three takeoffs and three
landings at the airport located more than 25 nautical miles from
the airport where the applicant normally trains; and
(2) Three hours of flight training with an authorized
instructor in the aircraft for the rating sought in preparation
for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months
from the month of the test.
(b) 3 hours of solo flying in the aircraft for the rating
sought, on the areas of operation listed in §61.98 of this part
that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44868, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR
53645, Oct. 20, 2009]
§ 61.100 Pilots based on small islands.
top (a) An applicant located on an island from which the flight
training required in §61.99(a)(1) of this part cannot be
accomplished without flying over water for more than 10 nautical
miles from the nearest shoreline need not comply with the
requirements of that section. However, if other airports that
permit civil operations are available to which a flight may be
made without flying over water for more than 10 nautical miles
from the nearest shoreline, the applicant must show completion
of a dual flight between two airports, which must include three
landings at the other airport.
(b) An applicant who complies with paragraph (a) of this
section and meets all requirements for the issuance of a
recreational pilot certificate, except the requirements of
§61.99(a)(1) of this part, will be issued a pilot certificate
with an endorsement containing the following limitation,
“Passenger carrying prohibited on flights more than 10 nautical
miles from (the appropriate island).” The limitation may be
subsequently amended to include another island if the applicant
complies with the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section
for another island.
(c) Upon meeting the requirements of §61.99(a)(1) of this
part, the applicant may have the limitation(s) in paragraph (b)
of this section removed.
§ 61.101 Recreational pilot privileges and limitations.
top (a) A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate may:
(1) Carry no more than one passenger; and
(2) Not pay less than the pro rata share of the operating
expenses of a flight with a passenger, provided the expenses
involve only fuel, oil, airport expenses, or aircraft rental
fees.
(b) A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate may
act as pilot in command of an aircraft on a flight within 50
nautical miles from the departure airport, provided that person
has—
(1) Received ground and flight training for takeoff,
departure, arrival, and landing procedures at the departure
airport;
(2) Received ground and flight training for the area,
terrain, and aids to navigation that are in the vicinity of the
departure airport;
(3) Been found proficient to operate the aircraft at the
departure airport and the area within 50 nautical miles from
that airport; and
(4) Received from an authorized instructor a logbook
endorsement, which is carried in the person's possession in the
aircraft, that permits flight within 50 nautical miles from the
departure airport.
(c) A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate may
act as pilot in command of an aircraft on a flight that exceeds
50 nautical miles from the departure airport, provided that
person has—
(1) Received ground and flight training from an authorized
instructor on the cross-country training requirements of subpart
E of this part that apply to the aircraft rating held;
(2) Been found proficient in cross-country flying; and
(3) Received from an authorized instructor a logbook
endorsement, which is carried on the person's possession in the
aircraft, that certifies the person has received and been found
proficient in the cross-country training requirements of subpart
E of this part that apply to the aircraft rating held.
(d) A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate may
act as pilot in command of an aircraft in Class B, C, and D
airspace, at an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace,
and to, from, through, or at an airport having an operational
control tower, provided that person has—
(1) Received and logged ground and flight training from an
authorized instructor on the following aeronautical knowledge
areas and areas of operation, as appropriate to the aircraft
rating held:
(i) The use of radios, communications, navigation system and
facilities, and radar services.
(ii) Operations at airports with an operating control tower
to include three takeoffs and landings to a full stop, with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern at an airport
with an operating control tower.
(iii) Applicable flight rules of part 91 of this chapter for
operations in Class B, C, and D airspace and air traffic control
clearances;
(2) Been found proficient in those aeronautical knowledge
areas and areas of operation specified in paragraph (d)(1) of
this section; and
(3) Received from an authorized instructor a logbook
endorsement, which is carried on the person's possession or
readily accessible in the aircraft, that certifies the person
has received and been found proficient in those aeronautical
knowledge areas and areas of operation specified in paragraph
(d)(1) of this section.
(e) Except as provided in paragraphs (d) and (i) of this
section, a recreational pilot may not act as pilot in command of
an aircraft—
(1) That is certificated—
(i) For more than four occupants;
(ii) With more than one powerplant;
(iii) With a powerplant of more than 180 horsepower, except
aircraft certificated in the rotorcraft category; or
(iv) With retractable landing gear;
(2) That is classified as a multiengine airplane,
powered-lift, glider, airship, balloon, powered parachute, or
weight-shift-control aircraft;
(3) That is carrying a passenger or property for compensation
or hire;
(4) For compensation or hire;
(5) In furtherance of a business;
(6) Between sunset and sunrise;
(7) In Class A, B, C, and D airspace, at an airport located
in Class B, C, or D airspace, or to, from, through, or at an
airport having an operational control tower;
(8) At an altitude of more than 10,000 feet MSL or 2,000 feet
AGL, whichever is higher;
(9) When the flight or surface visibility is less than 3
statute miles;
(10) Without visual reference to the surface;
(11) On a flight outside the United States, unless authorized
by the country in which the flight is conducted;
(12) To demonstrate that aircraft in flight as an aircraft
salesperson to a prospective buyer;
(13) That is used in a passenger-carrying airlift and
sponsored by a charitable organization; and
(14) That is towing any object.
(f) A recreational pilot may not act as a pilot flight
crewmember on any aircraft for which more than one pilot is
required by the type certificate of the aircraft or the
regulations under which the flight is conducted, except when:
(1) Receiving flight training from a person authorized to
provide flight training on board an airship; and
(2) No person other than a required flight crewmember is
carried on the aircraft.
(g) A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate, has
logged fewer than 400 flight hours, and has not logged
pilot-in-command time in an aircraft within the 180 days
preceding the flight shall not act as pilot in command of an
aircraft until the pilot receives flight training and a logbook
endorsement from an authorized instructor, and the instructor
certifies that the person is proficient to act as pilot in
command of the aircraft. This requirement can be met in
combination with the requirements of §§61.56 and 61.57 of this
part, at the discretion of the authorized instructor.
(h) A recreational pilot certificate issued under this
subpart carries the notation, “Holder does not meet ICAO
requirements.”
(i) For the purpose of obtaining additional certificates or
ratings while under the supervision of an authorized instructor,
a recreational pilot may fly as the sole occupant of an
aircraft:
(1) For which the pilot does not hold an appropriate category
or class rating;
(2) Within airspace that requires communication with air
traffic control; or
(3) Between sunset and sunrise, provided the flight or
surface visibility is at least 5 statute miles.
(j) In order to fly solo as provided in paragraph (i) of this
section, the recreational pilot must meet the appropriate
aeronautical knowledge and flight training requirements of
§61.87 for that aircraft. When operating an aircraft under the
conditions specified in paragraph (i) of this section, the
recreational pilot shall carry the logbook that has been
endorsed for each flight by an authorized instructor who:
(1) Has given the recreational pilot training in the make and
model of aircraft in which the solo flight is to be made;
(2) Has found that the recreational pilot has met the
applicable requirements of §61.87; and
(3) Has found that the recreational pilot is competent to
make solo flights in accordance with the logbook endorsement.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44868, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR
42558, Aug. 21, 2009]
Subpart E—Private Pilots
top
§ 61.102 Applicability.
top This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of
private pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions under
which those certificates and ratings are necessary, and the
general operating rules for persons who hold those certificates
and ratings.
§ 61.103 Eligibility requirements: General.
top To be eligible for a private pilot certificate, a person
must:
(a) Be at least 17 years of age for a rating in other than a
glider or balloon.
(b) Be at least 16 years of age for a rating in a glider or
balloon.
(c) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English
language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these
requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may
place such operating limitations on that applicant's pilot
certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the
aircraft.
(d) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized
instructor who:
(1) Conducted the training or reviewed the person's home
study on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in §61.105(b)
of this part that apply to the aircraft rating sought; and
(2) Certified that the person is prepared for the required
knowledge test.
(e) Pass the required knowledge test on the aeronautical
knowledge areas listed in §61.105(b) of this part.
(f) Receive flight training and a logbook endorsement from an
authorized instructor who:
(1) Conducted the training in the areas of operation listed
in §61.107(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft rating
sought; and
(2) Certified that the person is prepared for the required
practical test.
(g) Meet the aeronautical experience requirements of this
part that apply to the aircraft rating sought before applying
for the practical test.
(h) Pass a practical test on the areas of operation listed in
§61.107(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft rating
sought.
(i) Comply with the appropriate sections of this part that
apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.
(j) Hold a U.S. student pilot certificate, sport pilot
certificate, or recreational pilot certificate.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.105 Aeronautical knowledge.
top (a) General. A person who is applying for a private
pilot certificate must receive and log ground training from an
authorized instructor or complete a home-study course on the
aeronautical knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this section
that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.
(b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) Applicable
Federal Aviation Regulations of this chapter that relate to
private pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations;
(2) Accident reporting requirements of the National
Transportation Safety Board;
(3) Use of the applicable portions of the “Aeronautical
Information Manual” and FAA advisory circulars;
(4) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using
pilotage, dead reckoning, and navigation systems;
(5) Radio communication procedures;
(6) Recognition of critical weather situations from the
ground and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the procurement
and use of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;
(7) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft, including
collision avoidance, and recognition and avoidance of wake
turbulence;
(8) Effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb
performance;
(9) Weight and balance computations;
(10) Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft
systems;
(11) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery
techniques for the airplane and glider category ratings;
(12) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
(13) Preflight action that includes—
(i) How to obtain information on runway lengths at airports
of intended use, data on takeoff and landing distances, weather
reports and forecasts, and fuel requirements; and
(ii) How to plan for alternatives if the planned flight
cannot be completed or delays are encountered.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40902, July 30, 1997]
§ 61.107 Flight proficiency.
top (a) General. A person who applies for a private pilot
certificate must receive and log ground and flight training from
an authorized instructor on the areas of operation of this
section that apply to the aircraft category and class rating
sought.
(b) Areas of operation. (1) For an airplane category
rating with a single-engine class rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Slow flight and stalls;
(ix) Basic instrument maneuvers;
(x) Emergency operations;
(xi) Night operations, except as provided in §61.110 of this
part; and
(xii) Postflight procedures.
(2) For an airplane category rating with a multiengine class
rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Slow flight and stalls;
(ix) Basic instrument maneuvers;
(x) Emergency operations;
(xi) Multiengine operations;
(xii) Night operations, except as provided in §61.110 of this
part; and
(xiii) Postflight procedures.
(3) For a rotorcraft category rating with a helicopter class
rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and heliport operations;
(iv) Hovering maneuvers;
(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(vi) Performance maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Emergency operations;
(ix) Night operations, except as provided in §61.110 of this
part; and
(x) Postflight procedures.
(4) For a rotorcraft category rating with a gyroplane class
rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Flight at slow airspeeds;
(ix) Emergency operations;
(x) Night operations, except as provided in §61.110 of this
part; and
(xi) Postflight procedures.
(5) For a powered-lift category rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and heliport operations;
(iv) Hovering maneuvers;
(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(vi) Performance maneuvers;
(vii) Ground reference maneuvers;
(viii) Navigation;
(ix) Slow flight and stalls;
(x) Basic instrument maneuvers;
(xi) Emergency operations;
(xii) Night operations, except as provided in §61.110 of this
part; and
(xiii) Postflight procedures.
(6) For a glider category rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and gliderport operations;
(iv) Launches and landings;
(v) Performance speeds;
(vi) Soaring techniques;
(vii) Performance maneuvers;
(viii) Navigation;
(ix) Slow flight and stalls;
(x) Emergency operations; and
(xi) Postflight procedures.
(7) For a lighter-than-air category rating with an airship
class rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Emergency operations; and
(ix) Postflight procedures.
(8) For a lighter-than-air category rating with a balloon
class rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv) Launches and landings;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Navigation;
(vii) Emergency operations; and
(viii) Postflight procedures.
(9) For a powered parachute category rating—
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations, as applicable;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Night operations, except as provided in §61.110;
(ix) Emergency operations; and
(x) Post-flight procedures.
(10) For a weight-shift-control aircraft category rating—
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations, as applicable;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Slow flight and stalls;
(ix) Night operations, except as provided in §61.110;
(x) Emergency operations; and
(xi) Post-flight procedures.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44868, July 27, 2004]
§ 61.109 Aeronautical experience.
top (a) For an airplane single-engine rating. Except as
provided in paragraph (k) of this section, a person who applies
for a private pilot certificate with an airplane category and
single-engine class rating must log at least 40 hours of flight
time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an
authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in
the areas of operation listed in §61.107(b)(1) of this part, and
the training must include at least—
(1) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a
single-engine airplane;
(2) Except as provided in §61.110 of this part, 3 hours of
night flight training in a single-engine airplane that includes—
(i) One cross-country flight of over 100 nautical miles total
distance; and
(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an
airport.
(3) 3 hours of flight training in a single-engine airplane on
the control and maneuvering of an airplane solely by reference
to instruments, including straight and level flight, constant
airspeed climbs and descents, turns to a heading, recovery from
unusual flight attitudes, radio communications, and the use of
navigation systems/facilities and radar services appropriate to
instrument flight;
(4) 3 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor
in a single-engine airplane in preparation for the practical
test, which must have been performed within the preceding 2
calendar months from the month of the test; and
(5) 10 hours of solo flight time in a single-engine airplane,
consisting of at least—
(i) 5 hours of solo cross-country time;
(ii) One solo cross country flight of 150 nautical miles
total distance, with full-stop landings at three points, and one
segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of
more than 50 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing
locations; and
(iii) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with
each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an
airport with an operating control tower.
(b) For an airplane multiengine rating. Except as
provided in paragraph (k) of this section, a person who applies
for a private pilot certificate with an airplane category and
multiengine class rating must log at least 40 hours of flight
time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an
authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in
the areas of operation listed in §61.107(b)(2) of this part, and
the training must include at least—
(1) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a multiengine
airplane;
(2) Except as provided in §61.110 of this part, 3 hours of
night flight training in a multiengine airplane that includes—
(i) One cross-country flight of over 100 nautical miles total
distance; and
(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an
airport.
(3) 3 hours of flight training in a multiengine airplane on
the control and maneuvering of an airplane solely by reference
to instruments, including straight and level flight, constant
airspeed climbs and descents, turns to a heading, recovery from
unusual flight attitudes, radio communications, and the use of
navigation systems/facilities and radar services appropriate to
instrument flight;
(4) 3 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor
in a multiengine airplane in preparation for the practical test,
which must have been performed within the preceding 2 calendar
months from the month of the test; and
(5) 10 hours of solo flight time in an airplane consisting of
at least—
(i) 5 hours of solo cross-country time;
(ii) One solo cross country flight of 150 nautical miles
total distance, with full-stop landings at three points, and one
segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of
more than 50 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing
locations; and
(iii) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with
each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an
airport with an operating control tower.
(c) For a helicopter rating. Except as provided in
paragraph (k) of this section, a person who applies for a
private pilot certificate with rotorcraft category and
helicopter class rating must log at least 40 hours of flight
time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an
authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in
the areas of operation listed in §61.107(b)(3) of this part, and
the training must include at least—
(1) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a helicopter;
(2) Except as provided in §61.110 of this part, 3 hours of
night flight training in a helicopter that includes—
(i) One cross-country flight of over 50 nautical miles total
distance; and
(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an
airport.
(3) 3 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor
in a helicopter in preparation for the practical test, which
must have been performed within the preceding 2 calendar months
from the month of the test; and
(4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a helicopter, consisting
of at least—
(i) 3 hours cross-country time;
(ii) One solo cross country flight of 100 nautical miles
total distance, with landings at three points, and one segment
of the flight being a straight-line distance of more than 25
nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations; and
(iii) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with
each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an
airport with an operating control tower.
(d) For a gyroplane rating. Except as provided in
paragraph (k) of this section, a person who applies for a
private pilot certificate with rotorcraft category and gyroplane
class rating must log at least 40 hours of flight time that
includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an authorized
instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of
operation listed in §61.107(b)(4) of this part, and the training
must include at least—
(1) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a gyroplane;
(2) Except as provided in §61.110 of this part, 3 hours of
night flight training in a gyroplane that includes—
(i) One cross-country flight of over 50 nautical miles total
distance; and
(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an
airport.
(3) 3 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor
in a gyroplane in preparation for the practical test, which must
have been performed within the preceding 2 calendar months from
the month of the test; and
(4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a gyroplane, consisting
of at least—
(i) 3 hours of cross-country time;
(ii) One solo cross country flight of 100 nautical miles
total distance, with landings at three points, and one segment
of the flight being a straight-line distance of more than 25
nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations; and
(iii) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with
each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an
airport with an operating control tower.
(e) For a powered-lift rating. Except as provided in
paragraph (k) of this section, a person who applies for a
private pilot certificate with a powered-lift category rating
must log at least 40 hours of flight time that includes at least
20 hours of flight training from an authorized instructor and 10
hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed
in §61.107(b)(5) of this part, and the training must include at
least—
(1) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a
powered-lift;
(2) Except as provided in §61.110 of this part, 3 hours of
night flight training in a powered-lift that includes—
(i) One cross-country flight of over 100 nautical miles total
distance; and
(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an
airport.
(3) 3 hours of flight training in a powered-lift on the
control and maneuvering of a powered-lift solely by reference to
instruments, including straight and level flight, constant
airspeed climbs and descents, turns to a heading, recovery from
unusual flight attitudes, radio communications, and the use of
navigation systems/facilities and radar services appropriate to
instrument flight;
(4) 3 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor
in a powered-lift in preparation for the practical test, which
must have been performed within the preceding 2 calendar months
from the month of the test; and
(5) 10 hours of solo flight time in an airplane or
powered-lift consisting of at least—
(i) 5 hours cross-country time;
(ii) One solo cross country flight of 150 nautical miles
total distance, with full-stop landings at three points, and one
segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of
more than 50 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing
locations; and
(iii) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with
each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an
airport with an operating control tower.
(f) For a glider category rating. (1) If the applicant
for a private pilot certificate with a glider category rating
has not logged at least 40 hours of flight time as a pilot in a
heavier-than-air aircraft, the applicant must log at least 10
hours of flight time in a glider in the areas of operation
listed in §61.107(b)(6) of this part, and that flight time must
include at least—
(i) 20 flights in a glider in the areas of operations listed
in §61.107(b)(6) of this part, including at least 3 training
flights with an authorized instructor in a glider in preparation
for the practical test that must have been performed within the
preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test; and
(ii) 2 hours of solo flight time in a glider in the areas of
operation listed in §61.107(b)(6) of this part, with not less
than 10 launches and landings being performed.
(2) If the applicant has logged at least 40 hours of flight
time in a heavier-than-air aircraft, the applicant must log at
least 3 hours of flight time in a glider in the areas of
operation listed in §61.107(b)(6) of this part, and that flight
time must include at least—
(i) 10 solo flights in a glider in the areas of operation
listed in §61.107(b)(6) of this part; and
(ii) 3 training flights with an authorized instructor in a
glider in preparation for the practical test that must have been
performed within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month
of the test.
(g) For an airship rating. A person who applies for a
private pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category and
airship class rating must log at least:
(1) 25 hours of flight training in airships on the areas of
operation listed in §61.107(b)(7) of this part, which consists
of at least:
(i) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in an airship;
(ii) Except as provided in §61.110 of this part, 3 hours of
night flight training in an airship that includes:
(A) A cross-country flight of over 25 nautical miles total
distance; and
(B) Five takeoffs and five landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an
airport.
(2) 3 hours of flight training in an airship on the control
and maneuvering of an airship solely by reference to
instruments, including straight and level flight, constant
airspeed climbs and descents, turns to a heading, recovery from
unusual flight attitudes, radio communications, and the use of
navigation systems/facilities and radar services appropriate to
instrument flight;
(3) Three hours of flight training with an authorized
instructor in an airship in preparation for the practical test
within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the
test; and
(4) 5 hours performing the duties of pilot in command in an
airship with an authorized instructor.
(h) For a balloon rating. A person who applies for a
private pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category and
balloon class rating must log at least 10 hours of flight
training that includes at least six training flights with an
authorized instructor in the areas of operation listed in
§61.107(b)(8) of this part, that includes—
(1) Gas balloon. If the training is being performed in
a gas balloon, at least two flights of 2 hours each that
consists of—
(i) At least one training flight with an authorized
instructor in a gas balloon in preparation for the practical
test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of
the test;
(ii) At least one flight performing the duties of pilot in
command in a gas balloon with an authorized instructor; and
(iii) At least one flight involving a controlled ascent to
3,000 feet above the launch site.
(2) Balloon with an airborne heater. If the training
is being performed in a balloon with an airborne heater, at
least—
(i) At least two training flights of 1 hour each with an
authorized instructor in a balloon with an airborne heater in
preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2
calendar months from the month of the test;
(ii) One solo flight in a balloon with an airborne heater;
and
(iii) At least one flight involving a controlled ascent to
2,000 feet above the launch site.
(i) For a powered parachute rating. A person who
applies for a private pilot certificate with a powered parachute
category rating must log at least 25 hours of flight time in a
powered parachute that includes at least 10 hours of flight
training with an authorized instructor, including 30 takeoffs
and landings, and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas
of operation listed in §61.107 (b)(9) and the training must
include at least—
(1) One hour of cross-country flight training in a powered
parachute that includes a 1-hour cross-country flight with a
landing at an airport at least 25 nautical miles from the
airport of departure;
(2) Except as provided in §61.110, 3 hours of night flight
training in a powered parachute that includes 10 takeoffs and
landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern) at an airport;
(3) Three hours of flight training with an authorized
instructor in a powered parachute in preparation for the
practical test, which must have been performed within the
preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test;
(4) Three hours of solo flight time in a powered parachute,
consisting of at least—
(i) One solo cross-country flight with a landing at an
airport at least 25 nautical miles from the departure airport;
and
(ii) Twenty solo takeoffs and landings to a full stop (with
each landing involving a flight in a traffic pattern) at an
airport; and
(5) Three takeoffs and landings (with each landing involving
a flight in the traffic pattern) in an aircraft at an airport
with an operating control tower.
(j) For a weight-shift-control aircraft rating. A
person who applies for a private pilot certificate with a
weight-shift-control rating must log at least 40 hours of flight
time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training with an
authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in
the areas of operation listed in §61.107(b)(10) and the training
must include at least—
(1) Three hours of cross-country flight training in a
weight-shift-control aircraft;
(2) Except as provided in §61.110, 3 hours of night flight
training in a weight-shift-control aircraft that includes—
(i) One cross-country flight of over 75 nautical miles total
distance that includes a point of landing that is a
straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the
original point of departure; and
(ii) Ten takeoffs and landings (with each landing involving a
flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport;
(3) Three hours of flight training with an authorized
instructor in a weight-shift-control aircraft in preparation for
the practical test, which must have been performed within the
preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test;
(4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a weight-shift-control
aircraft, consisting of at least—
(i) Five hours of solo cross-country time; and
(ii) One solo cross-country flight over 100 nautical miles
total distance, with landings at a minimum of three points, and
one segment of the flight being a straight line distance of at
least 50 nautical miles between takeoff and landing locations;
and
(5) Three takeoffs and landings (with each landing involving
a flight in the traffic pattern) in an aircraft at an airport
with an operating control tower.
(k) Permitted credit for use of a flight simulator or
flight training device. (1) Except as provided in paragraphs
(k)(2) of this section, a maximum of 2.5 hours of training in a
flight simulator or flight training device representing the
category, class, and type, if applicable, of aircraft
appropriate to the rating sought, may be credited toward the
flight training time required by this section, if received from
an authorized instructor.
(2) A maximum of 5 hours of training in a flight simulator or
flight training device representing the category, class, and
type, if applicable, of aircraft appropriate to the rating
sought, may be credited toward the flight training time required
by this section if the training is accomplished in a course
conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of
this chapter.
(3) Except when fewer hours are approved by the
Administrator, an applicant for a private pilot certificate with
an airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift rating, who has
satisfactorily completed an approved private pilot course
conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of
this chapter, need only have a total of 35 hours of aeronautical
experience to meet the requirements of this section.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20287, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR
44868, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21, 2009;
Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53645, Oct. 20, 2009; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR
5220, Feb. 1, 2010]
§ 61.110 Night flying exceptions.
top (a) Subject to the limitations of paragraph (b) of this
section, a person is not required to comply with the night
flight training requirements of this subpart if the person
receives flight training in and resides in the State of Alaska.
(b) A person who receives flight training in and resides in
the State of Alaska but does not meet the night flight training
requirements of this section:
(1) May be issued a pilot certificate with a limitation
“Night flying prohibited”; and
(2) Must comply with the appropriate night flight training
requirements of this subpart within the 12-calendar-month period
after the issuance of the pilot certificate. At the end of that
period, the certificate will become invalid for use until the
person complies with the appropriate night training requirements
of this subpart. The person may have the “Night flying
prohibited” limitation removed if the person—
(i) Accomplishes the appropriate night flight training
requirements of this subpart; and
(ii) Presents to an examiner a logbook or training record
endorsement from an authorized instructor that verifies
accomplishment of the appropriate night flight training
requirements of this subpart.
(c) A person who does not meet the night flying requirements
in §61.109(d)(2), (i)(2), or (j)(2) may be issued a private
pilot certificate with the limitation “Night flying prohibited.”
This limitation may be removed by an examiner if the holder
complies with the requirements of §61.109(d)(2), (i)(2), or
(j)(2), as appropriate.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40904, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July 27,
2004]
§ 61.111 Cross-country flights: Pilots based on small
islands.
top (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, an
applicant located on an island from which the cross-country
flight training required in §61.109 of this part cannot be
accomplished without flying over water for more than 10 nautical
miles from the nearest shoreline need not comply with the
requirements of that section.
(b) If other airports that permit civil operations are
available to which a flight may be made without flying over
water for more than 10 nautical miles from the nearest
shoreline, the applicant must show completion of two round-trip
solo flights between those two airports that are farthest apart,
including a landing at each airport on both flights.
(c) An applicant who complies with paragraph (a) or paragraph
(b) of this section, and meets all requirements for the issuance
of a private pilot certificate, except the cross-country
training requirements of §61.109 of this part, will be issued a
pilot certificate with an endorsement containing the following
limitation, “Passenger carrying prohibited on flights more than
10 nautical miles from (the appropriate island).” The limitation
may be subsequently amended to include another island if the
applicant complies with the requirements of paragraph (b) of
this section for another island.
(d) Upon meeting the cross-country training requirements of
§61.109 of this part, the applicant may have the limitation in
paragraph (c) of this section removed.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40904, July 30, 1997]
§ 61.113 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Pilot
in command.
top (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) through (h) of this
section, no person who holds a private pilot certificate may act
as pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying passengers
or property for compensation or hire; nor may that person, for
compensation or hire, act as pilot in command of an aircraft.
(b) A private pilot may, for compensation or hire, act as
pilot in command of an aircraft in connection with any business
or employment if:
(1) The flight is only incidental to that business or
employment; and
(2) The aircraft does not carry passengers or property for
compensation or hire.
(c) A private pilot may not pay less than the pro rata share
of the operating expenses of a flight with passengers, provided
the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or
rental fees.
(d) A private pilot may act as pilot in command of a
charitable, nonprofit, or community event flight described in
§91.146, if the sponsor and pilot comply with the requirements
of §91.146.
(e) A private pilot may be reimbursed for aircraft operating
expenses that are directly related to search and location
operations, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil,
airport expenditures, or rental fees, and the operation is
sanctioned and under the direction and control of:
(1) A local, State, or Federal agency; or
(2) An organization that conducts search and location
operations.
(f) A private pilot who is an aircraft salesman and who has
at least 200 hours of logged flight time may demonstrate an
aircraft in flight to a prospective buyer.
(g) A private pilot who meets the requirements of §61.69 may
act as a pilot in command of an aircraft towing a glider or
unpowered ultralight vehicle.
(h) A private pilot may act as pilot in command for the
purpose of conducting a production flight test in a light-sport
aircraft intended for certification in the light-sport category
under §21.190 of this chapter, provided that—
(1) The aircraft is a powered parachute or a
weight-shift-control aircraft;
(2) The person has at least 100 hours of pilot-in-command
time in the category and class of aircraft flown; and
(3) The person is familiar with the processes and procedures
applicable to the conduct of production flight testing, to
include operations conducted under a special flight permit and
any associated operating limitations.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–115, 72 FR
6910, Feb. 13, 2007; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010]
§ 61.115 Balloon rating: Limitations.
top (a) If a person who applies for a private pilot certificate
with a balloon rating takes a practical test in a balloon with
an airborne heater:
(1) The pilot certificate will contain a limitation
restricting the exercise of the privileges of that certificate
to a balloon with an airborne heater; and
(2) The limitation may be removed when the person obtains the
required aeronautical experience in a gas balloon and receives a
logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who attests to
the person's accomplishment of the required aeronautical
experience and ability to satisfactorily operate a gas balloon.
(b) If a person who applies for a private pilot certificate
with a balloon rating takes a practical test in a gas balloon:
(1) The pilot certificate will contain a limitation
restricting the exercise of the privilege of that certificate to
a gas balloon; and
(2) The limitation may be removed when the person obtains the
required aeronautical experience in a balloon with an airborne
heater and receives a logbook endorsement from an authorized
instructor who attests to the person's accomplishment of the
required aeronautical experience and ability to satisfactorily
operate a balloon with an airborne heater.
§ 61.117 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Second
in command of aircraft requiring more than one pilot.
top Except as provided in §61.113 of this part, no private pilot
may, for compensation or hire, act as second in command of an
aircraft that is type certificated for more than one pilot, nor
may that pilot act as second in command of such an aircraft that
is carrying passengers or property for compensation or hire.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40904, July 30, 1997]
§ 61.118-61.120 [Reserved]
top
Subpart F—Commercial Pilots
top
§ 61.121 Applicability.
top This subpart prescribes the
requirements for the issuance of
commercial pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions under
which those certificates and ratings are necessary, and the
general operating rules for persons who hold those certificates
and ratings.
§ 61.123 Eligibility requirements: General.
top
To be eligible for a commercial pilot certificate, a person
must:
(a) Be at least 18 years of age;
(b) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English
language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these
requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may
place such operating limitations on that applicant's pilot
certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the
aircraft.
(c) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized
instructor who:
(1) Conducted the required ground training or reviewed the
person's home study on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed
in §61.125 of this part that apply to the aircraft category and
class rating sought; and
(2) Certified that the person is prepared for the required
knowledge test that applies to the aircraft category and class
rating sought.
(d) Pass the required knowledge test on the aeronautical
knowledge areas listed in §61.125 of this part;
(e) Receive the required training and a logbook endorsement
from an authorized instructor who:
(1) Conducted the training on the areas of operation listed
in §61.127(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft category
and class rating sought; and
(2) Certified that the person is prepared for the required
practical test.
(f) Meet the aeronautical experience requirements of this
subpart that apply to the aircraft category and class rating
sought before applying for the practical test;
(g) Pass the required practical test on the areas of
operation listed in §61.127(b) of this part that apply to the
aircraft category and class rating sought;
(h) Hold at least a private pilot certificate issued under
this part or meet the requirements of §61.73; and
(i) Comply with the sections of this part that apply to the
aircraft category and class rating sought.
§ 61.125 Aeronautical knowledge.
top (a) General. A person who applies for a commercial
pilot certificate must receive and log ground training from an
authorized instructor, or complete a home-study course, on the
aeronautical knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this section
that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.
(b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) Applicable
Federal Aviation Regulations of this chapter that relate to
commercial pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations;
(2) Accident reporting requirements of the National
Transportation Safety Board;
(3) Basic aerodynamics and the principles of flight;
(4) Meteorology to include recognition of critical weather
situations, windshear recognition and avoidance, and the use of
aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;
(5) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft;
(6) Weight and balance computations;
(7) Use of performance charts;
(8) Significance and effects of exceeding aircraft
performance limitations;
(9) Use of aeronautical charts and a magnetic compass for
pilotage and dead reckoning;
(10) Use of air navigation facilities;
(11) Aeronautical decision making and judgment;
(12) Principles and functions of aircraft systems;
(13) Maneuvers, procedures, and emergency operations
appropriate to the aircraft;
(14) Night and high-altitude operations;
(15) Procedures for operating within the National Airspace
System; and
(16) Procedures for flight and ground training for
lighter-than-air ratings.
§ 61.127 Flight proficiency.
top (a) General. A person who applies for a commercial
pilot certificate must receive and log ground and flight
training from an authorized instructor on the areas of operation
of this section that apply to the aircraft category and class
rating sought.
(b) Areas of operation. (1) For an airplane category
rating with a single-engine class rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Slow flight and stalls;
(ix) Emergency operations;
(x) High-altitude operations; and
(xi) Postflight procedures.
(2) For an airplane category rating with a multiengine class
rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Navigation;
(vii) Slow flight and stalls;
(viii) Emergency operations;
(ix) Multiengine operations;
(x) High-altitude operations; and
(xi) Postflight procedures.
(3) For a rotorcraft category rating with a helicopter class
rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and heliport operations;
(iv) Hovering maneuvers;
(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(vi) Performance maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Emergency operations;
(ix) Special operations; and
(x) Postflight procedures.
(4) For a rotorcraft category rating with a gyroplane class
rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Flight at slow airspeeds;
(ix) Emergency operations; and
(x) Postflight procedures.
(5) For a powered-lift category rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and heliport operations;
(iv) Hovering maneuvers;
(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(vi) Performance maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Slow flight and stalls;
(ix) Emergency operations;
(x) High-altitude operations;
(xi) Special operations; and
(xii) Postflight procedures.
(6) For a glider category rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and gliderport operations;
(iv) Launches and landings;
(v) Performance speeds;
(vi) Soaring techniques;
(vii) Performance maneuvers;
(viii) Navigation;
(ix) Slow flight and stalls;
(x) Emergency operations; and
(xi) Postflight procedures.
(7) For a lighter-than-air category rating with an airship
class rating:
(i) Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii) Technical subjects;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in
flight;
(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport operations;
(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(viii) Performance maneuvers;
(ix) Navigation;
(x) Emergency operations; and
(xi) Postflight procedures.
(8) For a lighter-than-air category rating with a balloon
class rating:
(i) Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii) Technical subjects;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in
flight;
(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport operations;
(vii) Launches and landings;
(viii) Performance maneuvers;
(ix) Navigation;
(x) Emergency operations; and
(xi) Postflight procedures.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.129 Aeronautical experience.
top (a) For an airplane single-engine rating. Except as
provided in paragraph (i) of this section, a person who applies
for a commercial pilot certificate with an airplane category and
single-engine class rating must log at least 250 hours of flight
time as a pilot that consists of at least:
(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of which 50 hours must be
in airplanes.
(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command flight time, which includes
at least—
(i) 50 hours in airplanes; and
(ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of which at least 10
hours must be in airplanes.
(3) 20 hours of training on the areas of operation listed in
§61.127(b)(1) of this part that includes at least—
(i) Ten hours of instrument training using a view-limiting
device including attitude instrument flying, partial panel
skills, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, and intercepting
and tracking navigational systems. Five hours of the 10 hours
required on instrument training must be in a single engine
airplane;
(ii) 10 hours of training in an airplane that has a
retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch
propeller, or is turbine-powered, or for an applicant seeking a
single-engine seaplane rating, 10 hours of training in a
seaplane that has flaps and a controllable pitch propeller;
(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight in a single engine
airplane in daytime conditions that consists of a total
straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the
original point of departure;
(iv) One 2-hour cross country flight in a single engine
airplane in nighttime conditions that consists of a total
straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the
original point of departure; and
(v) Three hours in a single-engine airplane with an
authorized instructor in preparation for the practical test
within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the
test.
(4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a single engine airplane
or 10 hours of flight time performing the duties of pilot in
command in a single engine airplane with an authorized
instructor on board (either of which may be credited towards the
flight time requirement under paragraph (a)(2) of this section),
on the areas of operation listed under §61.127(b)(1) that
include—
(i) One cross-country flight of not less than 300 nautical
miles total distance, with landings at a minimum of three
points, one of which is a straight-line distance of at least 250
nautical miles from the original departure point. However, if
this requirement is being met in Hawaii, the longest segment
need only have a straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical
miles; and
(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10
landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower.
(b)
For an airplane multiengine rating. Except as
provided in paragraph (i) of this section, a person who applies
for a commercial pilot certificate with an airplane category and
multiengine class rating must log at least 250 hours of flight
time as a pilot that consists of at least:
(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of which 50 hours must be
in airplanes.
(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command flight time, which includes
at least—
(i) 50 hours in airplanes; and
(ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of which at least 10
hours must be in airplanes.
(3) 20 hours of training on the areas of operation listed in
§61.127(b)(2) of this part that includes at least—
(i) Ten hours of instrument training using a view-limiting
device including attitude instrument flying, partial panel
skills, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, and intercepting
and tracking navigational systems. Five hours of the 10 hours
required on instrument training must be in a multiengine
airplane;
(ii) 10 hours of training in a multiengine airplane that has
a retractable landing gear, flaps, and controllable pitch
propellers, or is turbine-powered, or for an applicant seeking a
multiengine seaplane rating, 10 hours of training in a
multiengine seaplane that has flaps and a controllable pitch
propeller;
(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight in a multiengine
airplane in daytime conditions that consists of a total
straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the
original point of departure;
(iv) One 2-hour cross country flight in a multiengine
airplane in nighttime conditions that consists of a total
straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the
original point of departure; and
(v) Three hours in a multiengine airplane with an authorized
instructor in preparation for the practical test within the
preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.
(4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a multiengine airplane or
10 hours of flight time performing the duties of pilot in
command in a multiengine airplane with an authorized instructor
(either of which may be credited towards the flight time
requirement in paragraph (b)(2) of this section), on the areas
of operation listed in §61.127(b)(2) of this part that includes
at least—
(i) One cross-country flight of not less than 300 nautical
miles total distance with landings at a minimum of three points,
one of which is a straight-line distance of at least 250
nautical miles from the original departure point. However, if
this requirement is being met in Hawaii, the longest segment
need only have a straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical
miles; and
(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10
landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic
pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower.
(c) For a helicopter rating.
Except as provided in
paragraph (i) of this section, a person who applies for a
commercial pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category and
helicopter class rating must log at least 150 hours of flight
time as a pilot that consists of at least:
(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of which 50 hours must be
in helicopters.
(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command flight time, which includes
at least—
(i) 35 hours in helicopters; and
(ii) 10 hours in cross-country flight in helicopters.
(3) 20 hours of training on the areas of operation listed in
§61.127(b)(3) of this part that includes at least—
(i) Five hours on the control and maneuvering of a helicopter
solely by reference to instruments using a view-limiting device
including attitude instrument flying, partial panel skills,
recovery from unusual flight attitudes, and intercepting and
tracking navigational systems. This aeronautical experience may
be performed in an aircraft, flight simulator, flight training
device, or an aviation training device;
(ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in a helicopter in
daytime conditions that consists of a total straight-line
distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point
of departure;
(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight in a helicopter in
nighttime conditions that consists of a total straight-line
distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point
of departure; and
(iv) Three hours in a helicopter with an authorized
instructor in preparation for the practical test within the
preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.
(4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a helicopter or 10 hours
of flight time performing the duties of pilot in command in a
helicopter with an authorized instructor on board (either of
which may be credited towards the flight time requirement under
paragraph (c)(2) of this section), on the areas of operation
listed under §61.127(b)(3) that includes—
(i) One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum of
three points, with one segment consisting of a straight-line
distance of at least 50 nautical miles from the original point
of departure; and
(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10
landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern).
(d) For a gyroplane rating. A person who applies for a
commercial pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category and
gyroplane class rating must log at least 150 hours of flight
time as a pilot (of which 5 hours may have been accomplished in
a flight simulator or flight training device that is
representative of a gyroplane) that consists of at least:
(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of which 25 hours must be
in gyroplanes.
(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command flight time, which includes
at least—
(i) 10 hours in gyroplanes; and
(ii) 3 hours in cross-country flight in gyroplanes.
(3) 20 hours of training on the areas of operation listed in
§61.127(b)(4) of this part that includes at least—
(i) 2.5 hours on the control and maneuvering of a gyroplane
solely by reference to instruments using a view-limiting device
including attitude instrument flying, partial panel skills,
recovery from unusual flight attitudes, and intercepting and
tracking navigational systems. This aeronautical experience may
be performed in an aircraft, flight simulator, flight training
device, or an aviation training device;
(ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in a gyroplane in
daytime conditions that consists of a total straight-line
distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point
of departure;
(iii) Two hours of flight training during nighttime
conditions in a gyroplane at an airport, that includes 10
takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing
involving a flight in the traffic pattern); and
(iv) Three hours in a gyroplane with an authorized instructor
in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2
calendar months from the month of the test.
(4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a gyroplane or 10 hours
of flight time performing the duties of pilot in command in a
gyroplane with an authorized instructor on board (either of
which may be credited towards the flight time requirement under
paragraph (d)(2) of this section), on the areas of operation
listed in §61.127(b)(4) that includes—
(i) One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum of
three points, with one segment consisting of a straight-line
distance of at least 50 nautical miles from the original point
of departure; and
(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10
landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern).
(e) For a powered-lift rating. Except as provided in
paragraph (i) of this section, a person who applies for a
commercial pilot certificate with a powered-lift category rating
must log at least 250 hours of flight time as a pilot that
consists of at least:
(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of which 50 hours must be
in a powered-lift.
(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command flight time, which includes
at least—
(i) 50 hours in a powered-lift; and
(ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of which 10 hours must
be in a powered-lift.
(3) 20 hours of training on the areas of operation listed in
§61.127(b)(5) of this part that includes at least—
(i) Ten hours of instrument training using a view-limiting
device including attitude instrument flying, partial panel
skills, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, and intercepting
and tracking navigational systems. Five hours of the 10 hours
required on instrument training must be in a powered-lift;
(ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in a powered-lift in
daytime conditions that consists of a total straight-line
distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point
of departure;
(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight in a powered-lift in
nighttime conditions that consists of a total straight-line
distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point
of departure; and
(iv) 3 hours in a powered-lift with an authorized instructor
in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2
calendar months from the month of the test.
(4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a powered-lift or 10
hours of flight time performing the duties of pilot in command
in a powered-lift with an authorized instructor on board (either
of which may be credited towards the flight time requirement
under paragraph (e)(2) of this section, on the areas of
operation listed in §61.127(b)(5) that includes—
(i) One cross-country flight of not less than 300 nautical
miles total distance with landings at a minimum of three points,
one of which is a straight-line distance of at least 250
nautical miles from the original departure point. However, if
this requirement is being met in Hawaii the longest segment need
only have a straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical
miles; and
(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10
landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower.
(f) For a glider rating. A person who applies for a
commercial pilot certificate with a glider category rating must
log at least—
(1) 25 hours of flight time as a pilot in a glider and that
flight time must include at least 100 flights in a glider as
pilot in command, including at least—
(i) Three hours of flight training in a glider with an
authorized instructor or 10 training flights in a glider with an
authorized instructor on the areas of operation listed in
§61.127(b)(6) of this part, including at least 3 training
flights in a glider with an authorized instructor in preparation
for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months
from the month of the test; and
(ii) 2 hours of solo flight that include not less than 10
solo flights in a glider on the areas of operation listed in
§61.127(b)(6) of this part; or
(2) 200 hours of flight time as a pilot in heavier-than-air
aircraft and at least 20 flights in a glider as pilot in
command, including at least—
(i) Three hours of flight training in a glider or 10 training
flights in a glider with an authorized instructor on the areas
of operation listed in §61.127(b)(6) of this part including at
least 3 training flights in a glider with an authorized
instructor in preparation for the practical test within the
preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test; and
(ii) 5 solo flights in a glider on the areas of operation
listed in §61.127(b)(6) of this part.
(g) For an airship rating. A person who applies for a
commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category
and airship class rating must log at least 200 hours of flight
time as a pilot, which includes at least the following hours:
(1) 50 hours in airships.
(2) Thirty hours of pilot in command flight time in airships
or performing the duties of pilot in command in an airship with
an authorized instructor aboard, which consists of—
(i) 10 hours of cross-country flight time in airships; and
(ii) 10 hours of night flight time in airships.
(3) Forty hours of instrument time to include—
(i) Instrument training using a view-limiting device for
attitude instrument flying, partial panel skills, recovery from
unusual flight attitudes, and intercepting and tracking
navigational systems; and
(ii) Twenty hours of instrument flight time, of which 10
hours must be in flight in airships.
(4) 20 hours of flight training in airships on the areas of
operation listed in §61.127(b)(7) of this part, which includes
at least—
(i) Three hours in an airship with an authorized instructor
in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2
calendar months from the month of the test;
(ii) One hour cross country flight in an airship in daytime
conditions that consists of a total straight-line distance of
more than 25 nautical miles from the point of departure; and
(iii) One hour cross country flight in an airship in
nighttime conditions that consists of a total straight-line
distance of more than 25 nautical miles from the point of
departure.
(5) 10 hours of flight training performing the duties of
pilot in command with an authorized instructor on the areas of
operation listed in §61.127(b)(7) of this part, which includes
at least—
(i) One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum of
three points, with one segment consisting of a straight-line
distance of at least 25 nautical miles from the original point
of departure; and
(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10
landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern).
(h) For a balloon rating. A person who applies for a
commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category
and a balloon class rating must log at least 35 hours of flight
time as a pilot, which includes at least the following
requirements:
(1) 20 hours in balloons;
(2) 10 flights in balloons;
(3) Two flights in balloons as the pilot in command; and
(4) 10 hours of flight training that includes at least 10
training flights with an authorized instructor in balloons on
the areas of operation listed in §61.127(b)(8) of this part,
which consists of at least—
(i) For a gas balloon—
(A) Two training flights of 2 hours each in a gas balloon
with an authorized instructor in preparation for the practical
test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of
the test;
(B) 2 flights performing the duties of pilot in command in a
gas balloon with an authorized instructor on the appropriate
areas of operation; and
(C) One flight involving a controlled ascent to 5,000 feet
above the launch site.
(ii) For a balloon with an airborne heater—
(A) Two training flights of 1 hour each in a balloon with an
airborne heater with an authorized instructor in preparation for
the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from
the month of the test;
(B) Two solo flights in a balloon with an airborne heater on
the appropriate areas of operation; and
(C) One flight involving a controlled ascent to 3,000 feet
above the launch site.
(i) Permitted credit for use of a flight simulator or
flight training device. (1) Except as provided in paragraph
(i)(2) of this section, an applicant who has not accomplished
the training required by this section in a course conducted by a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter may:
(i) Credit a maximum of 50 hours toward the total
aeronautical experience requirements for an airplane or
powered-lift rating, provided the aeronautical experience was
obtained from an authorized instructor in a flight simulator or
flight training device that represents that class of airplane or
powered-lift category and type, if applicable, appropriate to
the rating sought; and
(ii) Credit a maximum of 25 hours toward the total
aeronautical experience requirements of this section for a
helicopter rating, provided the aeronautical experience was
obtained from an authorized instructor in a flight simulator or
flight training device that represents a helicopter and type, if
applicable, appropriate to the rating sought.
(2) An applicant who has accomplished the training required
by this section in a course conducted by a training center
certificated under part 142 of this chapter may:
(i) Credit a maximum of 100 hours toward the total
aeronautical experience requirements of this section for an
airplane and powered-lift rating, provided the aeronautical
experience was obtained from an authorized instructor in a
flight simulator or flight training device that represents that
class of airplane or powered-lift category and type, if
applicable, appropriate to the rating sought; and
(ii) Credit a maximum of 50 hours toward the total
aeronautical experience requirements of this section for a
helicopter rating, provided the aeronautical experience was
obtained from an authorized instructor in a flight simulator or
flight training device that represents a helicopter and type, if
applicable, appropriate to the rating sought.
(3) Except when fewer hours are approved by the FAA, an
applicant for the commercial pilot certificate with the airplane
or powered-lift rating who has completed 190 hours of
aeronautical experience is considered to have met the total
aeronautical experience requirements of this section, provided
the applicant satisfactorily completed an approved commercial
pilot course under part 142 of this chapter and the approved
course was appropriate to the commercial pilot certificate and
aircraft rating sought.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–101, 62
FR 16892, Apr. 8, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40904, July 30,
1997; Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20288, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74
FR 42558, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53645, Oct. 20,
2009]
§ 61.131 Exceptions to the night flying requirements.
top (a) Subject to the limitations of paragraph (b) of this
section, a person is not required to comply with the night
flight training requirements of this subpart if the person
receives flight training in and resides in the State of Alaska.
(b) A person who receives flight training in and resides in
the State of Alaska but does not meet the night flight training
requirements of this section:
(1) May be issued a pilot certificate with the limitation
“night flying prohibited.”
(2) Must comply with the appropriate night flight training
requirements of this subpart within the 12-calendar-month period
after the issuance of the pilot certificate. At the end of that
period, the certificate will become invalid for use until the
person complies with the appropriate night flight training
requirements of this subpart. The person may have the “night
flying prohibited” limitation removed if the person—
(i) Accomplishes the appropriate night flight training
requirements of this subpart; and
(ii) Presents to an examiner a logbook or training record
endorsement from an authorized instructor that verifies
accomplishment of the appropriate night flight training
requirements of this subpart.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40905, July 30, 1997]
§ 61.133 Commercial pilot privileges and limitations.
top (a) Privileges —(1) General. A person who holds
a commercial pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an
aircraft—
(i) Carrying persons or property for compensation or hire,
provided the person is qualified in accordance with this part
and with the applicable parts of this chapter that apply to the
operation; and
(ii) For compensation or hire, provided the person is
qualified in accordance with this part and with the applicable
parts of this chapter that apply to the operation.
(2) Commercial pilots with lighter-than-air category
ratings. A person with a commercial pilot certificate with a
lighter-than-air category rating may—
(i) For an airship —(A) Give flight and ground
training in an airship for the issuance of a certificate or
rating;
(B) Give an endorsement for a pilot certificate with an
airship rating;
(C) Endorse a student pilot certificate or logbook for solo
operating privileges in an airship;
(D) Act as pilot in command of an airship under IFR or in
weather conditions less than the minimum prescribed for VFR
flight; and
(E) Give flight and ground training and endorsements that are
required for a flight review, an operating privilege or
recency-of-experience requirements of this part.
(ii) For a balloon —(A) Give flight and ground
training in a balloon for the issuance of a certificate or
rating;
(B) Give an endorsement for a pilot certificate with a
balloon rating;
(C) Endorse a student pilot certificate or logbook for solo
operating privileges in a balloon; and
(D) Give ground and flight training and endorsements that are
required for a flight review, an operating privilege, or
recency-of-experience requirements of this part.
(b) Limitations. (1) A person who applies for a
commercial pilot certificate with an airplane category or
powered-lift category rating and does not hold an instrument
rating in the same category and class will be issued a
commercial pilot certificate that contains the limitation, “The
carriage of passengers for hire in (airplanes) (powered-lifts)
on cross-country flights in excess of 50 nautical miles or at
night is prohibited.” The limitation may be removed when the
person satisfactorily accomplishes the requirements listed in
§61.65 of this part for an instrument rating in the same
category and class of aircraft listed on the person's commercial
pilot certificate.
(2) If a person who applies for a commercial pilot
certificate with a balloon rating takes a practical test in a
balloon with an airborne heater—
(i) The pilot certificate will contain a limitation
restricting the exercise of the privileges of that certificate
to a balloon with an airborne heater.
(ii) The limitation specified in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this
section may be removed when the person obtains the required
aeronautical experience in a gas balloon and receives a logbook
endorsement from an authorized instructor who attests to the
person's accomplishment of the required aeronautical experience
and ability to satisfactorily operate a gas balloon.
(3) If a person who applies for a commercial pilot
certificate with a balloon rating takes a practical test in a
gas balloon—
(i) The pilot certificate will contain a limitation
restricting the exercise of the privileges of that certificate
to a gas balloon.
(ii) The limitation specified in paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this
section may be removed when the person obtains the required
aeronautical experience in a balloon with an airborne heater and
receives a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who
attests to the person's accomplishment of the required
aeronautical experience and ability to satisfactorily operate a
balloon with an airborne heater.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40905, July 30, 1997]
§§ 61.135-61.141 [Reserved]
top
Subpart G—Airline Transport Pilots
top
§ 61.151 Applicability.
top This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of
airline transport pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions
under which those certificates and ratings are necessary, and
the general operating rules for persons who hold those
certificates and ratings.
§ 61.153 Eligibility requirements: General.
top To be eligible for an airline transport pilot certificate, a
person must:
(a) Be at least 23 years of age;
(b) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English
language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these
requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may
place such operating limitations on that applicant's pilot
certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the
aircraft;
(c) Be of good moral character;
(d) Meet at least one of the following requirements:
(1) Holds a commercial pilot certificate with an instrument
rating issued under this part;
(2) Meet the military experience requirements under §61.73 of
this part to qualify for a commercial pilot certificate, and an
instrument rating if the person is a rated military pilot or
former rated military pilot of an Armed Force of the United
States; or
(3) Holds either a foreign airline transport pilot license
with instrument privileges, or a foreign commercial pilot
license with an instrument rating, that—
(i) Was issued by a contracting State to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation; and
(ii) Contains no geographical limitations.
(e) Meet the aeronautical experience requirements of this
subpart that apply to the aircraft category and class rating
sought before applying for the practical test;
(f) Pass a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas
of §61.155(c) of this part that apply to the aircraft category
and class rating sought;
(g) Pass the practical test on the areas of operation listed
in §61.157(e) of this part that apply to the aircraft category
and class rating sought; and
(h) Comply with the sections of this subpart that apply to
the aircraft category and class rating sought.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40905, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42559, Aug. 21,
2009]
§ 61.155 Aeronautical knowledge.
top
(a) General. The knowledge test for an airline
transport pilot certificate is based on the aeronautical
knowledge areas listed in paragraph (c) of this section that are
appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating sought.
(b) Aircraft type rating. A person who is applying for
an additional aircraft type rating to be added to an airline
transport pilot certificate is not required to pass a knowledge
test if that person's airline transport pilot certificate lists
the aircraft category and class rating that is appropriate to
the type rating sought.
(c) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) Applicable
Federal Aviation Regulations of this chapter that relate to
airline transport pilot privileges, limitations, and flight
operations;
(2) Meteorology, including knowledge of and effects of
fronts, frontal characteristics, cloud formations, icing, and
upper-air data;
(3) General system of weather and NOTAM collection,
dissemination, interpretation, and use;
(4) Interpretation and use of weather charts, maps,
forecasts, sequence reports, abbreviations, and symbols;
(5) National Weather Service functions as they pertain to
operations in the National Airspace System;
(6) Windshear and microburst awareness, identification, and
avoidance;
(7) Principles of air navigation under instrument
meteorological conditions in the National Airspace System;
(8) Air traffic control procedures and pilot responsibilities
as they relate to en route operations, terminal area and radar
operations, and instrument departure and approach procedures;
(9) Aircraft loading, weight and balance, use of charts,
graphs, tables, formulas, and computations, and their effect on
aircraft performance;
(10) Aerodynamics relating to an aircraft's flight
characteristics and performance in normal and abnormal flight
regimes;
(11) Human factors;
(12) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
(13) Crew resource management to include crew communication
and coordination.
§ 61.157 Flight proficiency.
top (a) General. (1) The practical test for an airline
transport pilot certificate is given for—
(i) An airplane category and single engine class rating.
(ii) An airplane category and multiengine class rating.
(iii) A rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating.
(iv) A powered-lift category rating.
(v) An aircraft type rating.
(2) A person who is applying for an airline transport pilot
practical test must meet—
(i) The eligibility requirements of §61.153; and
(ii) The aeronautical knowledge and aeronautical experience
requirements of this subpart that apply to the aircraft category
and class rating sought.
(b) Aircraft type rating. Except as provided in
paragraph (c) of this section, a person who applies for an
aircraft type rating to be added to an airline transport pilot
certificate or applies for a type rating to be concurrently
completed with an airline transport pilot certificate:
(1) Must receive and log ground and flight training from an
authorized instructor on the areas of operation under this
section that apply to the aircraft type rating;
(2) Must receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized
instructor that certifies the applicant completed the training
on the areas of operation listed under paragraph (e) of this
section that apply to the aircraft type rating; and
(3) Must perform the practical test in actual or simulated
instrument conditions, except as provided under paragraph (g) of
this section.
(c) Exceptions. A person who applies for an aircraft
type rating to be added to an airline transport pilot
certificate or an aircraft type rating concurrently with an
airline transport pilot certificate, and who is an employee of a
certificate holder operating under part 121 or part 135 of this
chapter, does not need to comply with the requirements of
paragraph (b) of this section if the applicant presents a
training record that shows completion of that certificate
holder's approved pilot in command training program for the
aircraft type rating.
(d) Upgrading type ratings. Any type rating(s) and
limitations on a pilot certificate of an applicant who completes
an airline transport pilot practical test will be included at
the airline transport pilot certification level, provided the
applicant passes the practical test in the same category and
class of aircraft for which the applicant holds the type
rating(s).
(e) Areas of operation. (1) For an airplane
category—single engine class rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
(iv) In-flight maneuvers;
(v) Instrument procedures;
(vi) Landings and approaches to landings;
(vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
(viii) Emergency procedures; and
(ix) Postflight procedures.
(2) For an airplane category—multiengine class rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
(iv) In-flight maneuvers;
(v) Instrument procedures;
(vi) Landings and approaches to landings;
(vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
(viii) Emergency procedures; and
(ix) Postflight procedures.
(3) For a powered-lift category rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
(iv) In-flight maneuvers;
(v) Instrument procedures;
(vi) Landings and approaches to landings;
(vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
(viii) Emergency procedures; and
(ix) Postflight procedures.
(4) For a rotorcraft category—helicopter class rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
(iv) In-flight maneuvers;
(v) Instrument procedures;
(vi) Landings and approaches to landings;
(vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
(viii) Emergency procedures; and
(ix) Postflight procedures.
(f) Proficiency and competency checks conducted under part
121, part 135, or subpart K of part 91. (1) Successful
completion of any of the following checks satisfies the flight
proficiency requirements of this section for the issuance of an
airline transport pilot certificate and/or the appropriate
aircraft rating:
(i) A proficiency check under §121.441 of this chapter.
(ii) Both a competency check under §135.293(a)(2) and
§135.293(b) of this chapter and pilot-in-command instrument
proficiency check under §135.297 of this chapter.
(iii) Both a competency check under §91.1065 of this chapter
and a pilot-in-command instrument proficiency check under
§91.1069 of this chapter.
(2) The checks specified in paragraph (f)(1) of this section
must be conducted by one of the following:
(i) An FAA Aviation Safety Inspector.
(ii) An Aircrew Program Designee who is authorized to perform
proficiency and/or competency checks for the air carrier whose
approved training program has been satisfactorily completed by
the pilot applicant.
(iii) A Training Center Evaluator with appropriate
certification authority who is also authorized to perform the
portions of the competency and/or proficiency checks required by
paragraph (f)(1) of this section for the air carrier whose
approved training program has been satisfactorily completed by
the pilot applicant.
(g) Aircraft not capable of instrument maneuvers and
procedures. An applicant may add a type rating to an airline
transport pilot certificate with an aircraft that is not capable
of the instrument maneuvers and procedures required on the
practical test under the following circumstances—
(1) The rating is limited to “VFR only.”
(2) The type rating is added to an airline transport pilot
certificate that has instrument privileges in that category and
class of aircraft.
(3) The “VFR only” limitation may be removed for that
aircraft type after the applicant:
(i) Passes a practical test in that type of aircraft on the
appropriate instrument maneuvers and procedures in §61.157; or
(ii) Becomes qualified in §61.73(d) for that type of
aircraft.
(h) Multiengine airplane with a single-pilot station.
An applicant for a type rating, at the ATP certification level,
in a multiengine airplane with a single-pilot station must
perform the practical test in the multi-seat version of that
airplane. The practical test may be performed in the single-seat
version of that airplane if the Examiner is in a position to
observe the applicant during the practical test in the case
where there is no multi-seat version of that multiengine
airplane.
(i) Single engine airplane with a single-pilot station.
An applicant for a type rating, at the ATP certification
level, in a single engine airplane with a single-pilot station
must perform the practical test in the multi-seat version of
that single engine airplane. The practical test may be performed
in the single-seat version of that airplane if the Examiner is
in a position to observe the applicant during the practical test
in the case where there is no multi-seat version of that single
engine airplane.
(j) Waiver authority. An Examiner who conducts a
practical test may waive any task for which the FAA has provided
waiver authority.
[Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42560, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt.
61–124A, 74 FR 53647, Oct. 20, 2009]
§ 61.158 [Reserved]
top
§ 61.159 Aeronautical experience: Airplane category
rating.
top (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of
this section, a person who is applying for an airline transport
pilot certificate with an airplane category and class rating
must have at least 1,500 hours of total time as a pilot that
includes at least:
(1) 500 hours of cross-country flight time.
(2) 100 hours of night flight time.
(3) 75 hours of instrument flight time, in actual or
simulated instrument conditions, subject to the following:
(i) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this
section, an applicant may not receive credit for more than a
total of 25 hours of simulated instrument time in a flight
simulator or flight training device.
(ii) A maximum of 50 hours of training in a flight simulator
or flight training device may be credited toward the instrument
flight time requirements of paragraph (a)(3) of this section if
the training was accomplished in a course conducted by a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(iii) Training in a flight simulator or flight training
device must be accomplished in a flight simulator or flight
training device, representing an airplane.
(4) 250 hours of flight time in an airplane as a pilot in
command, or as second in command performing the duties of pilot
in command while under the supervision of a pilot in command, or
any combination thereof, which includes at least—
(i) 100 hours of cross-country flight time; and
(ii) 25 hours of night flight time.
(5) Not more than 100 hours of the total aeronautical
experience requirements of paragraph (a) of this section may be
obtained in a flight simulator or flight training device that
represents an airplane, provided the aeronautical experience was
obtained in an approved course conducted by a training center
certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(b) A person who has performed at least 20 night takeoffs and
landings to a full stop may substitute each additional night
takeoff and landing to a full stop for 1 hour of night flight
time to satisfy the requirements of paragraph (a)(2) of this
section; however, not more than 25 hours of night flight time
may be credited in this manner.
(c) A commercial pilot may credit the following
second-in-command flight time or flight-engineer flight time
toward the 1,500 hours of total time as a pilot required by
paragraph (a) of this section:
(1) Second-in-command time, provided the time is acquired in
an airplane—
(i) Required to have more than one pilot flight crewmember by
the airplane's flight manual, type certificate, or the
regulations under which the flight is being conducted;
(ii) Engaged in operations under subpart K of part 91, part
121, or part 135 of this chapter for which a second in command
is required; or
(iii) That is required by the operating rules of this chapter
to have more than one pilot flight crewmember.
(2) Flight-engineer time, provided the time—
(i) Is acquired in an airplane required to have a flight
engineer by the airplane's flight manual or type certificate;
(ii) Is acquired while engaged in operations under part 121
of this chapter for which a flight engineer is required;
(iii) Is acquired while the person is participating in a
pilot training program approved under part 121 of this chapter;
and
(iv) Does not exceed more than 1 hour for each 3 hours of
flight engineer flight time for a total credited time of no more
than 500 hours.
(3) Flight-engineer time, provided the flight time—
(i) Is acquired as a U.S. Armed Forces' flight engineer
crewmember in an airplane that requires a flight engineer
crewmember by the flight manual;
(ii) Is acquired while the person is participating in a
flight engineer crewmember training program for the U.S. Armed
Forces; and
(iii) Does not exceed 1 hour for each 3 hours of flight
engineer flight time for a total credited time of no more than
500 hours.
(d) An applicant is issued an airline transport pilot
certificate with the limitation, “Holder does not meet the pilot
in command aeronautical experience requirements of ICAO,” as
prescribed under Article 39 of the Convention on International
Civil Aviation, if the applicant does not meet the ICAO
requirements contained in Annex 1 “Personnel Licensing” to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation, but otherwise meets
the aeronautical experience requirements of this section.
(e) An applicant is entitled to an airline transport pilot
certificate without the ICAO limitation specified under
paragraph (d) of this section when the applicant presents
satisfactory evidence of having met the ICAO requirements under
paragraph (d) of this section and otherwise meets the
aeronautical experience requirements of this section.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40906, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20288, Apr. 23,
1998; Amdt. 61–109, 68 FR 54560, Sept. 17, 2003; Amdt. 61–124,
74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.161 Aeronautical experience: Rotorcraft category and
helicopter class rating.
top (a) A person who is applying for an airline transport pilot
certificate with a rotorcraft category and helicopter class
rating, must have at least 1,200 hours of total time as a pilot
that includes at least:
(1) 500 hours of cross-country flight time;
(2) 100 hours of night flight time, of which 15 hours are in
helicopters;
(3) 200 hours of flight time in helicopters, which includes
at least 75 hours as a pilot in command, or as second in command
performing the duties of a pilot in command under the
supervision of a pilot in command, or any combination thereof;
and
(4) 75 hours of instrument flight time in actual or simulated
instrument meteorological conditions, of which at least 50 hours
are obtained in flight with at least 25 hours in helicopters as
a pilot in command, or as second in command performing the
duties of a pilot in command under the supervision of a pilot in
command, or any combination thereof.
(b) Training in a flight simulator or flight training device
may be credited toward the instrument flight time requirements
of paragraph (a)(4) of this section, subject to the following:
(1) Training in a flight simulator or a flight training
device must be accomplished in a flight simulator or flight
training device that represents a rotorcraft.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) of this section,
an applicant may receive credit for not more than a total of 25
hours of simulated instrument time in a flight simulator and
flight training device.
(3) A maximum of 50 hours of training in a flight simulator
or flight training device may be credited toward the instrument
flight time requirements of paragraph (a)(4) of this section if
the aeronautical experience is accomplished in an approved
course conducted by a training center certificated under part
142 of this chapter.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40906, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20289, Apr. 23,
1998]
§ 61.163 Aeronautical experience: Powered-lift category
rating.
top (a) A person who is applying for an airline transport pilot
certificate with a powered-lift category rating must have at
least 1,500 hours of total time as a pilot that includes at
least:
(1) 500 hours of cross-country flight time;
(2) 100 hours of night flight time;
(3) 250 hours in a powered-lift as a pilot in command, or as
a second in command performing the duties of a pilot in command
under the supervision of a pilot in command, or any combination
thereof, which includes at least—
(i) 100 hours of cross-country flight time; and
(ii) 25 hours of night flight time.
(4) 75 hours of instrument flight time in actual or simulated
instrument conditions, subject to the following:
(i) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(4)(ii) of this
section, an applicant may not receive credit for more than a
total of 25 hours of simulated instrument time in a flight
simulator or flight training device.
(ii) A maximum of 50 hours of training in a flight simulator
or flight training device may be credited toward the instrument
flight time requirements of paragraph (a)(4) of this section if
the training was accomplished in a course conducted by a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(iii) Training in a flight simulator or flight training
device must be accomplished in a flight simulator or flight
training device that represents a powered-lift.
(b) Not more than 100 hours of the total aeronautical
experience requirements of paragraph (a) of this section may be
obtained in a flight simulator or flight training device that
represents a powered-lift, provided the aeronautical experience
was obtained in an approved course conducted by a training
center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40906, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20289, Apr. 23,
1998]
§ 61.165 Additional aircraft category and class ratings.
top (a) Rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating. A
person applying for an airline transport certificate with a
rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating who holds an
airline transport pilot certificate with another aircraft
category rating must:
(1) Meet the eligibility requirements of §61.153 of this
part;
(2) Pass a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas
of §61.155(c) of this part;
(3) Comply with the requirements in §61.157(b) of this part,
if appropriate;
(4) Meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements
of §61.161 of this part; and
(5) Pass the practical test on the areas of operation of
§61.157(e)(4) of this part.
(b) Airplane category rating with a single-engine class
rating. A person applying for an airline transport
certificate with an airplane category and single-engine class
rating who holds an airline transport pilot certificate with
another aircraft category rating must:
(1) Meet the eligibility requirements of §61.153 of this
part;
(2) Pass a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas
of §61.155(c) of this part;
(3) Comply with the requirements in §61.157(b) of this part,
if appropriate;
(4) Meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements
of §61.159 of this part; and
(5) Pass the practical test on the areas of operation of
§61.157(e)(1) of this part.
(c) Airplane category rating with a multiengine class
rating. A person applying for an airline transport
certificate with an airplane category and multiengine class
rating who holds an airline transport certificate with another
aircraft category rating must:
(1) Meet the eligibility requirements of §61.153 of this
part;
(2) Pass a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas
of §61.155(c) of this part;
(3) Comply with the requirements in §61.157(b) of this part,
if appropriate;
(4) Meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements
of §61.159 of this part; and
(5) Pass the practical test on the areas of operation of
§61.157(e)(2) of this part.
(d) Powered-lift category. A person applying for an
airline transport pilot certificate with a powered-lift category
rating who holds an airline transport certificate with another
aircraft category rating must:
(1) Meet the eligibility requirements of §61.153 of this
part;
(2) Pass a required knowledge test on the aeronautical
knowledge areas of §61.155(c) of this part;
(3) Comply with the requirements in §61.157(b) of this part,
if appropriate;
(4) Meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements
of §61.163 of this part; and
(5) Pass the required practical test on the areas of
operation of §61.157(e)(3) of this part.
(e) Additional class rating within the same aircraft
category. A person applying for an airline transport
certificate with an additional class rating who holds an airline
transport certificate in the same aircfaft category must—
(1) Meet the eligibility requirements of §61.153, except
paragraph (f) of that section;
(2) Comply with the requirements in §61.157(b) of this part,
if applicable;
(3) Meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements
of subpart G of this part; and
(4) Pass a practical test on the areas of operation of
§61.157(e) appropriate to the aircraft rating sought.
(f) Category class ratings for the operation of aircraft
with experimental certificates. Notwithstanding the
provisions of paragraphs (a) through (e) of this section, a
person holding an airline transport certificate may apply for a
category and class rating limited to a specific make and model
of experimental aircraft, provided—
(1) The person has logged at least 5 hours flight time while
acting as pilot in command in the same category, class, make,
and model of aircraft that has been issued an experimental
certificate;
(2) The person has received a logbook endorsement from an
authorized instructor who has determined that he or she is
proficient to act as pilot in command of the same category,
class, make, and model of aircraft for which application is
made; and
(3) The flight time specified in paragraph (f)(1) of this
section must be logged between September 1, 2004 and August 31,
2005.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40906, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July 27,
2004]
§ 61.167 Privileges.
top (a) A person who holds an airline transport pilot certificate
is entitled to the same privileges as a person who holds a
commercial pilot certificate with an instrument rating.
(b) An airline transport pilot may instruct—
(1) Other pilots in air transportation service in aircraft of
the category, class, and type, as applicable, for which the
airline transport pilot is rated and endorse the logbook or
other training record of the person to whom training has been
given;
(2) In flight simulators, and flight training devices
representing the aircraft referenced in paragraph (b)(1) of this
section, when instructing under the provisions of this section
and endorse the logbook or other training record of the person
to whom training has been given;
(3) Only as provided in this section, except that an airline
transport pilot who also holds a flight instructor certificate
can exercise the instructor privileges under subpart H of this
part for which he or she is rated; and
(4) In an aircraft, only if the aircraft has functioning dual
controls, when instructing under the provisions of this section.
(c) Excluding briefings and debriefings, an airline transport
pilot may not instruct in aircraft, flight simulators, and
flight training devices under this section—
(1) For more than 8 hours in any 24-consecutive-hour period;
or
(2) For more than 36 hours in any 7-consecutive-day period.
(d) An airline transport pilot may not instruct in Category
II or Category III operations unless he or she has been trained
and successfully tested under Category II or Category III
operations, as applicable.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40907, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21,
2009]
§§ 61.169-69.171 [Reserved]
top
Subpart H—Flight Instructors Other than Flight Instructors
With a Sport Pilot Rating
top
§ 61.181 Applicability.
top This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of
flight instructor certificates and ratings (except for flight
instructor certificates with a sport pilot rating), the
conditions under which those certificates and ratings are
necessary, and the limitations on those certificates and
ratings.
[Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004]
§ 61.183 Eligibility requirements.
top To be eligible for a flight instructor certificate or rating
a person must:
(a) Be at least 18 years of age;
(b) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English
language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these
requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may
place such operating limitations on that applicant's flight
instructor certificate as are necessary;
(c) Hold either a commercial pilot certificate or airline
transport pilot certificate with:
(1) An aircraft category and class rating that is appropriate
to the flight instructor rating sought; and
(2) An instrument rating, or privileges on that person's
pilot certificate that are appropriate to the flight instructor
rating sought, if applying for—
(i) A flight instructor certificate with an airplane category
and single-engine class rating;
(ii) A flight instructor certificate with an airplane
category and multiengine class rating;
(iii) A flight instructor certificate with a powered-lift
rating; or
(iv) A flight instructor certificate with an instrument
rating.
(d) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized
instructor on the fundamentals of instructing listed in §61.185
of this part appropriate to the required knowledge test;
(e) Pass a knowledge test on the areas listed in
§61.185(a)(1) of this part, unless the applicant:
(1) Holds a flight instructor certificate or ground
instructor certificate issued under this part;
(2) Holds a teacher's certificate issued by a State, county,
city, or municipality that authorizes the person to teach at an
educational level of the 7th grade or higher; or
(3) Is employed as a teacher at an accredited college or
university.
(f) Pass a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas
listed in §61.185(a)(2) and (a)(3) of this part that are
appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought;
(g) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized
instructor on the areas of operation listed in §61.187(b) of
this part, appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought;
(h) Pass the required practical test that is appropriate to
the flight instructor rating sought in an:
(1) Aircraft that is representative of the category and class
of aircraft for the aircraft rating sought; or
(2) Flight simulator or approved flight training device that
is representative of the category and class of aircraft for the
rating sought, and used in accordance with a course at a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(i) Accomplish the following for a flight instructor
certificate with an airplane or a glider rating:
(1) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized
instructor indicating that the applicant is competent and
possesses instructional proficiency in stall awareness, spin
entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures after providing the
applicant with flight training in those training areas in an
airplane or glider, as appropriate, that is certificated for
spins; and
(2) Demonstrate instructional proficiency in stall awareness,
spin entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures. However, upon
presentation of the endorsement specified in paragraph (i)(1) of
this section an examiner may accept that endorsement as
satisfactory evidence of instructional proficiency in stall
awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures for
the practical test, provided that the practical test is not a
retest as a result of the applicant failing the previous test
for deficiencies in the knowledge or skill of stall awareness,
spin entry, spins, or spin recovery instructional procedures. If
the retest is a result of deficiencies in the ability of an
applicant to demonstrate knowledge or skill of stall awareness,
spin entry, spins, or spin recovery instructional procedures,
the examiner must test the person on stall awareness, spin
entry, spins, and spin recovery instructional procedures in an
airplane or glider, as appropriate, that is certificated for
spins;
(j) Log at least 15 hours as pilot in command in the category
and class of aircraft that is appropriate to the flight
instructor rating sought; and
(k) Comply with the appropriate sections of this part that
apply to the flight instructor rating sought.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40907, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21,
2009]
§ 61.185 Aeronautical knowledge.
top (a) A person who is applying for a flight instructor
certificate must receive and log ground training from an
authorized instructor on:
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, the
fundamentals of instructing, including:
(i) The learning process;
(ii) Elements of effective teaching;
(iii) Student evaluation and testing;
(iv) Course development;
(v) Lesson planning; and
(vi) Classroom training techniques.
(2) The aeronautical knowledge areas for a recreational,
private, and commercial pilot certificate applicable to the
aircraft category for which flight instructor privileges are
sought; and
(3) The aeronautical knowledge areas for the instrument
rating applicable to the category for which instrument flight
instructor privileges are sought.
(b) The following applicants do not need to comply with
paragraph (a)(1) of this section:
(1) The holder of a flight instructor certificate or ground
instructor certificate issued under this part;
(2) The holder of a current teacher's certificate issued by a
State, county, city, or municipality that authorizes the person
to teach at an educational level of the 7th grade or higher; or
(3) A person employed as a teacher at an accredited college
or university.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40907, July 30, 1997]
§ 61.187 Flight proficiency.
top (a) General. A person who is applying for a flight
instructor certificate must receive and log flight and ground
training from an authorized instructor on the areas of operation
listed in this section that apply to the flight instructor
rating sought. The applicant's logbook must contain an
endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the
person is proficient to pass a practical test on those areas of
operation.
(b) Areas of operation. (1) For an airplane category
rating with a single-engine class rating:
(i) Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii) Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in
flight;
(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport and seaplane base operations;
(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(viii) Fundamentals of flight;
(ix) Performance maneuvers;
(x) Ground reference maneuvers;
(xi) Slow flight, stalls, and spins;
(xii) Basic instrument maneuvers;
(xiii) Emergency operations; and
(xiv) Postflight procedures.
(2) For an airplane category rating with a multiengine class
rating:
(i) Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii) Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in
flight;
(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport and seaplane base operations;
(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(viii) Fundamentals of flight;
(ix) Performance maneuvers;
(x) Ground reference maneuvers;
(xi) Slow flight and stalls;
(xii) Basic instrument maneuvers;
(xiii) Emergency operations;
(xiv) Multiengine operations; and
(xv) Postflight procedures.
(3) For a rotorcraft category rating with a helicopter class
rating:
(i) Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii) Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in
flight;
(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport and heliport operations;
(vii) Hovering maneuvers;
(viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(ix) Fundamentals of flight;
(x) Performance maneuvers;
(xi) Emergency operations;
(xii) Special operations; and
(xiii) Postflight procedures.
(4) For a rotorcraft category rating with a gyroplane class
rating:
(i) Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii) Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in
flight;
(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport operations;
(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(viii) Fundamentals of flight;
(ix) Performance maneuvers;
(x) Flight at slow airspeeds;
(xi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(xii) Emergency operations; and
(xiii) Postflight procedures.
(5) For a powered-lift category rating:
(i) Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii) Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in
flight;
(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport and heliport operations;
(vii) Hovering maneuvers;
(viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(ix) Fundamentals of flight;
(x) Performance maneuvers;
(xi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(xii) Slow flight and stalls;
(xiii) Basic instrument maneuvers;
(xiv) Emergency operations;
(xv) Special operations; and
(xvi) Postflight procedures.
(6) For a glider category rating:
(i) Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii) Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in
flight;
(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport and gliderport operations;
(vii) Launches and landings;
(viii) Fundamentals of flight;
(ix) Performance speeds;
(x) Soaring techniques;
(xi) Performance maneuvers;
(xii) Slow flight, stalls, and spins;
(xiii) Emergency operations; and
(xiv) Postflight procedures.
(7) For an instrument rating with the appropriate aircraft
category and class rating:
(i) Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii) Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in
flight;
(v) Air traffic control clearances and procedures;
(vi) Flight by reference to instruments;
(vii) Navigation aids;
(viii) Instrument approach procedures;
(ix) Emergency operations; and
(x) Postflight procedures.
(c) The flight training required by this section may be
accomplished:
(1) In an aircraft that is representative of the category and
class of aircraft for the rating sought; or
(2) In a flight simulator or flight training device
representative of the category and class of aircraft for the
rating sought, and used in accordance with an approved course at
a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40907, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21,
2009]
§ 61.189 Flight instructor records.
top (a) A flight instructor must sign the logbook of each person
to whom that instructor has given flight training or ground
training.
(b) A flight instructor must maintain a record in a logbook
or a separate document that contains the following:
(1) The name of each person whose logbook or student pilot
certificate that instructor has endorsed for solo flight
privileges, and the date of the endorsement; and
(2) The name of each person that instructor has endorsed for
a knowledge test or practical test, and the record shall also
indicate the kind of test, the date, and the results.
(c) Each flight instructor must retain the records required
by this section for at least 3 years.
§ 61.191 Additional flight instructor ratings.
top (a) A person who applies for an additional flight instructor
rating on a flight instructor certificate must meet the
eligibility requirements listed in §61.183 of this part that
apply to the flight instructor rating sought.
(b) A person who applies for an additional rating on a flight
instructor certificate is not required to pass the knowledge
test on the areas listed in §61.185(a)(1) of this part.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40907, July 30, 1997]
§ 61.193 Flight instructor privileges.
top A person who holds a flight instructor certificate is
authorized within the limitations of that person's flight
instructor certificate and ratings to train and issue
endorsements that are required for:
(a) A student pilot certificate;
(b) A pilot certificate;
(c) A flight instructor certificate;
(d) A ground instructor certificate;
(e) An aircraft rating;
(f) An instrument rating;
(g) A flight review, operating privilege, or recency of
experience requirement of this part;
(h) A practical test; and
(i) A knowledge test.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40907, July 30, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR
42561, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.195 Flight instructor limitations and qualifications.
top A person who holds a flight instructor certificate is subject
to the following limitations:
(a) Hours of training. In any 24-consecutive-hour
period, a flight instructor may not conduct more than 8 hours of
flight training.
(b) Aircraft Ratings. A flight instructor may not
conduct flight training in any aircraft for which the flight
instructor does not hold:
(1) A pilot certificate and flight instructor certificate
with the applicable category and class rating; and
(2) If appropriate, a type rating.
(c) Instrument Rating. A flight instructor who
provides instrument training for the issuance of an instrument
rating, a type rating not limited to VFR, or the instrument
training required for commercial pilot and airline transport
pilot certificates must hold an instrument rating on his or her
pilot certificate and flight instructor certificate that is
appropriate to the category and class of aircraft used for the
training provided.
(d) Limitations on endorsements. A flight instructor
may not endorse a:
(1) Student pilot's certificate or logbook for solo flight
privileges, unless that flight instructor has—
(i) Given that student the flight training required for solo
flight privileges required by this part; and
(ii) Determined that the student is prepared to conduct the
flight safely under known circumstances, subject to any
limitations listed in the student's logbook that the instructor
considers necessary for the safety of the flight.
(2) Student pilot's certificate and logbook for a solo
cross-country flight, unless that flight instructor has
determined the student's flight preparation, planning,
equipment, and proposed procedures are adequate for the proposed
flight under the existing conditions and within any limitations
listed in the logbook that the instructor considers necessary
for the safety of the flight;
(3) Student pilot's logbook for solo flight in a Class B
airspace area or at an airport within Class B airspace unless
that flight instructor has—
(i) Given that student ground and flight training in that
Class B airspace or at that airport; and
(ii) Determined that the student is proficient to operate the
aircraft safely.
(4) Logbook of a recreational pilot, unless that flight
instructor has—
(i) Given that pilot the ground and flight training required
by this part; and
(ii) Determined that the recreational pilot is proficient to
operate the aircraft safely.
(5) Logbook of a pilot for a flight review, unless that
instructor has conducted a review of that pilot in accordance
with the requirements of §61.56(a) of this part; or
(6) Logbook of a pilot for an instrument proficiency check,
unless that instructor has tested that pilot in accordance with
the requirements of §61.57(d) of this part.
(e) Training in an aircraft that requires a type rating.
A flight instructor may not give flight training in an
aircraft that requires the pilot in command to hold a type
rating unless the flight instructor holds a type rating for that
aircraft on his or her pilot certificate.
(f) Training received in a multiengine airplane, a
helicopter, or a powered-lift. A flight instructor may not
give training required for the issuance of a certificate or
rating in a multiengine airplane, a helicopter, or a
powered-lift unless that flight instructor has at least 5 flight
hours of pilot-in-command time in the specific make and model of
multiengine airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift, as
appropriate.
(g) Position in aircraft and required pilot stations for
providing flight training. (1) A flight instructor must
perform all training from in an aircraft that complies with the
requirements of §91.109 of this chapter.
(2) A flight instructor who provides flight training for a
pilot certificate or rating issued under this part must provide
that flight training in an aircraft that meets the following
requirements—
(i) The aircraft must have at least two pilot stations and be
of the same category, class, and type, if appropriate, that
applies to the pilot certificate or rating sought.
(ii) For single-place aircraft, the pre-solo flight training
must have been provided in an aircraft that has two pilot
stations and is of the same category, class, and type, if
appropriate.
(h) Qualifications of the flight instructor for training
first-time flight instructor applicants. (1) The ground
training provided to an initial applicant for a flight
instructor certificate must be given by an authorized instructor
who—
(i) Holds a ground or flight instructor certificate with the
appropriate rating, has held that certificate for at least 24
calendar months, and has given at least 40 hours of ground
training; or
(ii) Holds a ground or flight instructor certificate with the
appropriate rating, and has given at least 100 hours of ground
training in an FAA-approved course.
(2) Except for an instructor who meets the requirements of
paragraph (h)(3)(ii) of this section, a flight instructor who
provides training to an initial applicant for a flight
instructor certificate must—
(i) Meet the eligibility requirements prescribed in §61.183
of this part;
(ii) Hold the appropriate flight instructor certificate and
rating;
(iii) Have held a flight instructor certificate for at least
24 months;
(iv) For training in preparation for an airplane, rotorcraft,
or powered-lift rating, have given at least 200 hours of flight
training as a flight instructor; and
(v) For training in preparation for a glider rating, have
given at least 80 hours of flight training as a flight
instructor.
(3) A flight instructor who serves as a flight instructor in
an FAA-approved course for the issuance of a flight instructor
rating must hold a flight instructor certificate with the
appropriate rating and pass the required initial and recurrent
flight instructor proficiency tests, in accordance with the
requirements of the part under which the FAA-approved course is
conducted, and must—
(i) Meet the requirements of paragraph (h)(2) of this
section; or
(ii) Have trained and endorsed at least five applicants for a
practical test for a pilot certificate, flight instructor
certificate, ground instructor certificate, or an additional
rating, and at least 80 percent of those applicants passed that
test on their first attempt; and
(A) Given at least 400 hours of flight training as a flight
instructor for training in an airplane, a rotorcraft, or for a
powered-lift rating; or
(B) Given at least 100 hours of flight training as a flight
instructor, for training in a glider rating.
(i) Prohibition against self-endorsements. A flight
instructor shall not make any self-endorsement for a
certificate, rating, flight review, authorization, operating
privilege, practical test, or knowledge test that is required by
this part.
(j) Additional qualifications required to give training in
Category II or Category III operations. A flight instructor
may not give training in Category II or Category III operations
unless the flight instructor has been trained and tested in
Category II or Category III operations, pursuant to §61.67 or
§61.68 of this part, as applicable.
(k) Training for night vision goggle operations. A
flight instructor may not conduct training for night vision
goggle operations unless the flight instructor:
(1) Has a pilot and flight instructor certificate with the
applicable category and class rating for the training;
(2) If appropriate, has a type rating on his or her pilot
certificate for the aircraft;
(3) Is pilot in command qualified for night vision goggle
operations, in accordance with §61.31(k);
(4) Has logged 100 night vision goggle operations as the sole
manipulator of the controls;
(5) Has logged 20 night vision goggle operations as the sole
manipulator of the controls in the category and class, and type
of aircraft, if aircraft class and type is appropriate, that the
training will be given in;
(6) Is qualified to act as pilot in command in night vision
goggle operations under §61.57(f) or (g); and
(7) Has a logbook endorsement from an FAA Aviation Safety
Inspector or a person who is authorized by the FAA to provide
that logbook endorsement that states the flight instructor is
authorized to perform the night vision goggle pilot in command
qualification and recent flight experience requirements under
§61.31(k) and §61.57(f) and (g).
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62
FR 40907, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21,
2009]
§ 61.197 Renewal requirements for flight instructor
certification.
top (a) A person who holds a flight instructor certificate that
has not expired may renew that flight instructor certificate by—
(1) Passing a practical test for—
(i) One of the ratings listed on the current flight
instructor certificate; or
(ii) An additional flight instructor rating; or
(2) Submitting a completed and signed application with the
FAA and satisfactorily completing one of the following renewal
requirements—
(i) A record of training students showing that, during the
preceding 24 calendar months, the flight instructor has endorsed
at least 5 students for a practical test for a certificate or
rating and at least 80 percent of those students passed that
test on the first attempt.
(ii) A record showing that, within the preceding 24 calendar
months, the flight instructor has served as a company check
pilot, chief flight instructor, company check airman, or flight
instructor in a part 121 or part 135 operation, or in a position
involving the regular evaluation of pilots.
(iii) A graduation certificate showing that, within the
preceding 3 calendar months, the person has successfully
completed an approved flight instructor refresher course
consisting of ground training or flight training, or a
combination of both.
(iv) A record showing that, within the preceding 12 months
from the month of application, the flight instructor passed an
official U.S. Armed Forces military instructor pilot proficiency
check.
(b) The expiration month of a renewed flight instructor
certificate shall be 24 calendar months from—
(1) The month the renewal requirements of paragraph (a) of
this section are accomplished; or
(2) The month of expiration of the current flight instructor
certificate provided—
(i) The renewal requirements of paragraph (a) of this section
are accomplished within the 3 calendar months preceding the
expiration month of the current flight instructor certificate,
and
(ii) If the renewal is accomplished under paragraph
(a)(2)(iii) of this section, the approved flight instructor
refresher course must be completed within the 3 calendar months
preceding the expiration month of the current flight instructor
certificate.
(c) The practical test required by paragraph (a)(1) of this
section may be accomplished in a flight simulator or flight
training device if the test is accomplished pursuant to an
approved course conducted by a training center certificated
under part 142 of this chapter.
[Doc. No. 25910, 63 FR 20289, Apr. 23, 1998, as amended by
Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.199 Reinstatement requirements of an expired flight
instructor certificate.
top (a) Flight instructor certificates. The holder of an
expired flight instructor certificate who has not complied with
the flight instructor renewal requirements of §61.197 may
reinstate that flight instructor certificate and ratings by
filing a completed and signed application with the FAA and
satisfactorily completing one of the following reinstatement
requirements:
(1) A flight instructor certification practical test, as
prescribed by §61.183(h), for one of the ratings held on the
expired flight instructor certificate.
(2) A flight instructor certification practical test for an
additional rating.
(b) Flight instructor ratings. (1) A flight instructor
rating or a limited flight instructor rating on a pilot
certificate is no longer valid and may not be exchanged for a
similar rating or a flight instructor certificate.
(2) The holder of a flight instructor rating or a limited
flight instructor rating on a pilot certificate may be issued a
flight instructor certificate with the current ratings, but only
if the person passes the required knowledge and practical test
prescribed in this subpart for the issuance of the current
flight instructor certificate and rating.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20289, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR
42562, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.201 [Reserved]
top
Subpart I—Ground Instructors
top
§ 61.211 Applicability.
top This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of
ground instructor certificates and ratings, the conditions under
which those certificates and ratings are necessary, and the
limitations upon those certificates and ratings.
§ 61.213 Eligibility requirements.
top (a) To be eligible for a ground instructor certificate or
rating a person must:
(1) Be at least 18 years of age;
(2) Be able to read, write, speak, and understand the English
language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these
requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may
place such operating limitations on that applicant's ground
instructor certificate as are necessary;
(3) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, pass
a knowledge test on the fundamentals of instructing to include—
(i) The learning process;
(ii) Elements of effective teaching;
(iii) Student evaluation and testing;
(iv) Course development;
(v) Lesson planning; and
(vi) Classroom training techniques.
(4) Pass a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas
in—
(i) For a basic ground instructor rating §§61.97, 61.105, and
61.309;
(ii) For an advanced ground instructor rating §§61.97,
61.105, 61.125, 61.155, and 61.309; and
(iii) For an instrument ground instructor rating, §61.65.
(b) The knowledge test specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this
section is not required if the applicant:
(1) Holds a ground instructor certificate or flight
instructor certificate issued under this part;
(2) Holds a teacher's certificate issued by a State, county,
city, or municipality that authorizes the person to teach at an
educational level of the 7th grade or higher; or
(3) Is employed as a teacher at an accredited college or
university.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR
42562, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.215 Ground instructor privileges.
top (a) A person who holds a basic ground instructor rating is
authorized to provide—
(1) Ground training in the aeronautical knowledge areas
required for the issuance of a sport pilot certificate,
recreational pilot certificate, private pilot certificate, or
associated ratings under this part;
(2) Ground training required for a sport pilot, recreational
pilot, and private pilot flight review; and
(3) A recommendation for a knowledge test required for the
issuance of a sport pilot certificate, recreational pilot
certificate, or private pilot certificate under this part.
(b) A person who holds an advanced ground instructor rating
is authorized to provide:
(1) Ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas
required for the issuance of any certificate or rating under
this part except for the aeronautical knowledge areas required
for an instrument rating.
(2) The ground training required for any flight review except
for the training required for an instrument rating.
(3) A recommendation for a knowledge test required for the
issuance of any certificate or rating under this part except for
an instrument rating.
(c) A person who holds an instrument ground instructor rating
is authorized to provide:
(1) Ground training in the aeronautical knowledge areas
required for the issuance of an instrument rating under this
part;
(2) Ground training required for an instrument proficiency
check; and
(3) A recommendation for a knowledge test required for the
issuance of an instrument rating under this part.
(d) A person who holds a ground instructor certificate is
authorized, within the limitations of the ratings on the ground
instructor certificate, to endorse the logbook or other training
record of a person to whom the holder has provided the training
or recommendation specified in paragraphs (a) through (c) of
this section.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by
Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR
42562, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.217 Recent experience requirements.
top The holder of a ground instructor certificate may not perform
the duties of a ground instructor unless the person can show
that one of the following occurred during the preceding 12
calendar months:
(a) Employment or activity as a ground instructor giving
pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor training;
(b) Employment or activity as a flight instructor giving
pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor ground or flight
training;
(c) Completion of an approved flight instructor refresher
course and receipt of a graduation certificate for that course;
or
(d) An endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying
that the person has demonstrated knowledge in the subject areas
prescribed under §61.213(a)(3) and (a)(4), as appropriate.
[Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, 2009]
Subpart J—Sport Pilots
top Source: Docket No. FAA–2001–11133,
69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004, unless otherwise noted.
§ 61.301 What is the purpose of this subpart and to whom
does it apply?
top (a) This subpart prescribes the following requirements that
apply to a sport pilot certificate:
(1) Eligibility.
(2) Aeronautical knowledge.
(3) Flight proficiency.
(4) Aeronautical experience.
(5) Endorsements.
(6) Privileges and limits.
(b) Other provisions of this part apply to the logging of
flight time and testing.
(c) This subpart applies to applicants for, and holders of,
sport pilot certificates. It also applies to holders of
recreational pilot certificates and higher, as provided in
§61.303.
[Docket No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004, as
amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5221, Feb. 1, 2010]
§ 61.303 If I want to operate a light-sport aircraft, what
operating limits and endorsement requirements in this subpart
must I comply with?
top (a) Use the following table to determine what operating
limits and endorsement requirements in this subpart, if any,
apply to you when you operate a light-sport aircraft. The
medical certificate specified in this table must be in
compliance with §61.2 in regards to currency and validity. If
you hold a recreational pilot certificate, but not a medical
certificate, you must comply with cross country requirements in
§61.101 (c), even if your flight does not exceed 50 nautical
miles from your departure airport. You must also comply with
requirements in other subparts of this part that apply to your
certificate and the operation you conduct.
If you hold |
And you
hold |
Then you
may operate |
And |
(1) A medical certificate |
(i) A sport
pilot certificate, |
(A) Any
light-sport aircraft for which you hold the
endorsements required for its category and class |
( 1
) You must hold any other endorsements required
by this subpart, and comply with the limitations
in §61.315. |
|
(ii) At
least a recreational pilot certificate with a
category and class rating, |
(A) Any
light-sport aircraft in that category and class, |
( 1
) You do not have to hold any of the
endorsements required by this subpart, nor do
you have to comply with the limitations in
§61.315. |
|
(iii) At
least a recreational pilot certificate but not a
rating for the category and class of light sport
aircraft you operate, |
(A) That
light-sport aircraft, only if you hold the
endorsements required in §61.321 for its
category and class, |
( 1
) You must comply with the limitations in
§61.315, except §61.315(c)(14) and, if a private
pilot or higher, §61.315(c)(7). |
(2) Only a U.S. driver's license |
(i) A sport
pilot certificate, |
(A) Any
light-sport aircraft for which you hold the
endorsements required for its category and
class. |
( 1
) You must hold any other endorsements required
by this subpart, and comply with the limitations
in §61.315. |
|
(ii) At
least a recreational pilot certificate with a
category and class rating, |
(A) Any
light-sport aircraft in that category and class, |
( 1
) You do not have to hold any of the
endorsements required by this subpart, but you
must comply with the limitations in §61.315. |
|
(iii) At
least a recreational pilot certificate but not a
rating for the category and class of light-sport
aircraft you operate, |
(A) That
light-sport aircraft, only if you hold the
endorsements required in §61.321 for its
category and class, |
( 1
) You must comply with the limitations in
§61.315, except §61.315(c)(14) and, if a private
pilot or higher, §61.315(c)(7). |
(3) Neither a medical certificate nor a U.S.
driver's license |
(i) A sport
pilot certificate, |
(A) Any
light-sport glider or balloon for which you hold
the endorsements required for its category and
class |
( 1
) You must hold any other endorsements required
by this subpart, and comply with the limitations
in §61.315. |
|
(ii) At
least a private pilot certificate with a
category and class rating for glider or balloon, |
(A) Any
light-sport glider or balloon in that category
and class |
( 1
) You do not have to hold any of the
endorsements required by this subpart, nor do
you have to comply with the limitations in
§61.315. |
|
(iii) At
least a private pilot certificate but not a
rating for glider or balloon, |
(A) Any
light-sport glider or balloon, only if you hold
the endorsements required in §61.321 for its
category and class |
( 1
) You must comply with the limitations in
§61.315, except §61.315(c)(14) and, if a private
pilot or higher, §61.315(c)(7). |
(b) A person using a U.S. driver's license to meet the
requirements of this paragraph must—
(1) Comply with each restriction and limitation imposed by
that person's U.S. driver's license and any judicial or
administrative order applying to the operation of a motor
vehicle;
(2) Have been found eligible for the issuance of at least a
third-class airman medical certificate at the time of his or her
most recent application (if the person has applied for a medical
certificate);
(3) Not have had his or her most recently issued medical
certificate (if the person has held a medical certificate)
suspended or revoked or most recent Authorization for a Special
Issuance of a Medical Certificate withdrawn; and
(4) Not know or have reason to know of any medical condition
that would make that person unable to operate a light-sport
aircraft in a safe manner.
[Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004, as
amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt.
61–125, 75 FR 5221, Feb. 1, 2010]
§ 61.305 What are the age and language requirements for a
sport pilot certificate?
top (a) To be eligible for a sport pilot certificate you must:
(1) Be at least 17 years old (or 16 years old if you are
applying to operate a glider or balloon).
(2) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand English. If
you cannot read, speak, write, and understand English because of
medical reasons, the FAA may place limits on your certificate as
are necessary for the safe operation of light-sport aircraft.
§ 61.307 What tests do I have to take to obtain a sport
pilot certificate?
top To obtain a sport pilot certificate, you must pass the
following tests:
(a) Knowledge test. You must pass a knowledge test on
the applicable aeronautical knowledge areas listed in §61.309.
Before you may take the knowledge test for a sport pilot
certificate, you must receive a logbook endorsement from the
authorized instructor who trained you or reviewed and evaluated
your home-study course on the aeronautical knowledge areas
listed in §61.309 certifying you are prepared for the test.
(b) Practical test. You must pass a practical test on
the applicable areas of operation listed in §§61.309 and 61.311.
Before you may take the practical test for a sport pilot
certificate, you must receive a logbook endorsement from the
authorized instructor who provided you with flight training on
the areas of operation specified in §§61.309 and 61.311 in
preparation for the practical test. This endorsement certifies
that you meet the applicable aeronautical knowledge and
experience requirements and are prepared for the practical test.
§ 61.309 What aeronautical knowledge must I have to apply
for a sport pilot certificate?
top To apply for a sport pilot certificate you must receive and
log ground training from an authorized instructor or complete a
home-study course on the following aeronautical knowledge areas:
(a) Applicable regulations of this chapter that relate to
sport pilot privileges, limits, and flight operations.
(b) Accident reporting requirements of the National
Transportation Safety Board.
(c) Use of the applicable portions of the aeronautical
information manual and FAA advisory circulars.
(d) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using
pilotage, dead reckoning, and navigation systems, as
appropriate.
(e) Recognition of critical weather situations from the
ground and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the procurement
and use of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts.
(f) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft, including
collision avoidance, and recognition and avoidance of wake
turbulence.
(g) Effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb
performance.
(h) Weight and balance computations.
(i) Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft
systems.
(j) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery
techniques, as applicable.
(k) Aeronautical decision making and risk management.
(l) Preflight actions that include—
(1) How to get information on runway lengths at airports of
intended use, data on takeoff and landing distances, weather
reports and forecasts, and fuel requirements; and
(2) How to plan for alternatives if the planned flight cannot
be completed or if you encounter delays.
[Docket No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004, as
amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5221, Feb. 1, 2010]
§ 61.311 What flight proficiency requirements must I meet
to apply for a sport pilot certificate?
top To apply for a sport pilot certificate you must receive and
log ground and flight training from an authorized instructor on
the following areas of operation, as appropriate, for airplane
single-engine land or sea, glider, gyroplane, airship, balloon,
powered parachute land or sea, and weight-shift-control aircraft
land or sea privileges:
(a) Preflight preparation.
(b) Preflight procedures.
(c) Airport, seaplane base, and gliderport operations, as
applicable.
(d) Takeoffs (or launches), landings, and go-arounds.
(e) Performance maneuvers, and for gliders, performance
speeds.
(f) Ground reference maneuvers (not applicable to gliders and
balloons).
(g) Soaring techniques (applicable only to gliders).
(h) Navigation.
(i) Slow flight (not applicable to lighter-than-air aircraft
and powered parachutes).
(j) Stalls (not applicable to lighter-than-air aircraft,
gyroplanes, and powered parachutes).
(k) Emergency operations.
(l) Post-flight procedures.
[Docket No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004, as
amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5221, Feb. 1, 2010]
§ 61.313 What aeronautical experience must I have to apply
for a sport pilot certificate?
top Use the following table to determine the aeronautical
experience you must have to apply for a sport pilot certificate:
If you are
applying for a sport pilot certificate with . .
. |
Then you
must log at least . . . |
Which must
include at least . . . |
(a) Airplane category and single-engine land or
sea class privileges, |
(1) 20 hours
of flight time, including at least 15 hours of
flight training from an authorized instructor in
a single-engine airplane and at least 5 hours of
solo flight training in the areas of operation
listed in §61.311, |
(i) 2 hours
of cross-country flight training, (ii) 10
takeoffs and landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern) at an airport, (iii) One solo
cross-country flight of at least 75 nautical
miles total distance, with a full-stop landing
at a minimum of two points and one segment of
the flight consisting of a straight-line
distance of at least 25 nautical miles between
the takeoff and landing locations, and (iv) 2
hours of flight training with an authorized
instructor on those areas of operation specified
in §61.311 in preparation for the practical test
within the preceding 2 calendar months from the
month of the test. |
(b) Glider category privileges, and you have not
logged at least 20 hours of flight time in a
heavier-than-air aircraft, |
(1) 10 hours
of flight time in a glider, including 10 flights
in a glider receiving flight training from an
authorized instructor and at least 2 hours of
solo flight training in the areas of operation
listed in §61.311, |
(i) Five
solo launches and landings, and (ii) at least 3
training flights with an authorized instructor
on those areas of operation specified in §61.311
in preparation for the practical test within the
preceding 2 calendar months from the month of
the test. |
(c) Glider category privileges, and you have
logged 20 hours flight time in a
heavier-than-air aircraft, |
(1) 3 hours
of flight time in a glider, including five
flights in a glider while receiving flight
training from an authorized instructor and at
least 1 hour of solo flight training in the
areas of operation listed in §61.311, |
(i) Three
solo launches and landings, and (ii) at least 3
training flights with an authorized instructor
on those areas of operation specified in §61.311
in preparation for the practical test within the
preceding 2 calendar months from the month of
the test. |
(d) Rotorcraft category and gyroplane class
privileges, |
(1) 20 hours
of flight time, including 15 hours of flight
training from an authorized instructor in a
gyroplane and at least 5 hours of solo flight
training in the areas of operation listed in
§61.311, |
(i) 2 hours
of cross-country flight training, (ii) 10
takeoffs and landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern) at an airport, (iii) One solo
cross-country flight of at least 50 nautical
miles total distance, with a full-stop landing
at a minimum of two points, and one segment of
the flight consisting of a straight-line
distance of at least 25 nautical miles between
the takeoff and landing locations, and (iv) 2
hours of flight training with an authorized
instructor on those areas of operation specified
in §61.311 in preparation for the practical test
within the preceding 2 calendar months from the
month of the test. |
(e) Lighter-than-air category and airship class
privileges, |
(1) 20 hours
of flight time, including 15 hours of flight
training from an authorized instructor in an
airship and at least 3 hours performing the
duties of pilot in command in an airship with an
authorized instructor in the areas of operation
listed in §61.311, |
(i) 2 hours
of cross-country flight training, (ii) Three
takeoffs and landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern) at an airport, (iii) One cross-country
flight of at least 25 nautical miles between the
takeoff and landing locations, and (iv) 2 hours
of flight training with an authorized instructor
on those areas of operation specified in §61.311
in preparation for the practical test within the
preceding 2 calendar months from the month of
the test. |
(f) Lighter-than-air category and balloon class
privileges, |
(1) 7 hours
of flight time in a balloon, including three
flights with an authorized instructor and one
flight performing the duties of pilot in command
in a balloon with an authorized instructor in
the areas of operation listed in §61.311, |
(i) 2 hours
of cross-country flight training, and (ii) 1
hours of flight training with an authorized
instructor on those areas of operation specified
in §61.311 in preparation for the practical test
within the preceding 2 calendar months from the
month of the test. |
(g) Powered parachute category land or sea class
privileges, |
(1) 12 hours
of flight time in a powered parachute, including
10 hours of flight training from an authorized
instructor in a powered parachute, and at least
2 hours of solo flight training in the areas of
operation listed in §61.311 |
(i) 1 hour
of cross-country flight training, (ii) 20
takeoffs and landings to a full stop in a
powered parachute with each landing involving
flight in the traffic pattern at an airport;
(iii) 10 solo takeoffs and landings to a full
stop (with each landing involving a flight in
the traffic pattern) at an airport, (iv) One
solo flight with a landing at a different
airport and one segment of the flight consisting
of a straight-line distance of at least 10
nautical miles between takeoff and landing
locations, and (v) 1 hours of flight training
with an authorized instructor on those areas of
operation specified in §61.311 in preparation
for the practical test within the preceding 2
calendar months from the month of the test. |
(h) Weight-shift-control aircraft category land
or sea class privileges, |
(1) 20 hours
of light time, including 15 hours of flight
training from an authorized instructor in a
weight-shift-control aircraft and at least 5
hours of solo flight training in the areas of
operation listed in §61.311, |
(i) 2 hours
of cross-country flight training, (ii) 10
takeoffs and landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern) at an airport, (iii) One solo
cross-country flight of at least 50 nautical
miles total distance, with a full-stop landing
at a minimum of two points, and one segment of
the flight consisting of a straight-line
distance of at least 25 nautical miles between
takeoff and landing locations, and (iv) 2 hours
of flight training with an authorized instructor
on those areas of operation specified in §61.311
in preparation for the practical test within the
preceding 2 calendar months from the month of
the test. |
[Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004; Amdt.
61–124A, 74 FR 53647, Oct. 20, 2009; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5221,
Feb. 1, 2010]
§ 61.315 What are the privileges and limits of my sport
pilot certificate?
top (a) If you hold a sport pilot certificate you may act as
pilot in command of a light-sport aircraft, except as specified
in paragraph (c) of this section.
(b) You may share the operating expenses of a flight with a
passenger, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport
expenses, or aircraft rental fees. You must pay at least half
the operating expenses of the flight.
(c) You may not act as pilot in command of a light-sport
aircraft:
(1) That is carrying a passenger or property for compensation
or hire.
(2) For compensation or hire.
(3) In furtherance of a business.
(4) While carrying more than one passenger.
(5) At night.
(6) In Class A airspace.
(7) In Class B, C, and D airspace, at an airport located in
Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, through, or at an
airport having an operational control tower unless you have met
the requirements specified in §61.325.
(8) Outside the United States, unless you have prior
authorization from the country in which you seek to operate.
Your sport pilot certificate carries the limit “Holder does not
meet ICAO requirements.”
(9) To demonstrate the aircraft in flight to a prospective
buyer if you are an aircraft salesperson.
(10) In a passenger-carrying airlift sponsored by a
charitable organization.
(11) At an altitude of more than 10,000 feet MSL or 2,000
feet AGL, whichever is higher.
(12) When the flight or surface visibility is less than 3
statute miles.
(13) Without visual reference to the surface.
(14) If the aircraft:
(i) Has a VHgreater than 87 knots CAS, unless you
have met the requirements of §61.327(b).
(ii) Has a VHless than or equal to 87 knots CAS,
unless you have met the requirements of §61.327(a) or have
logged flight time as pilot in command of an airplane with a VHless
than or equal to 87 knots CAS before April 2, 2010.
(15) Contrary to any operating limitation placed on the
airworthiness certificate of the aircraft being flown.
(16) Contrary to any limit on your pilot certificate or
airman medical certificate, or any other limit or endorsement
from an authorized instructor.
(17) Contrary to any restriction or limitation on your U.S.
driver's license or any restriction or limitation imposed by
judicial or administrative order when using your driver's
license to satisfy a requirement of this part.
(18) While towing any object.
(19) As a pilot flight crewmember on any aircraft for which
more than one pilot is required by the type certificate of the
aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is conducted.
[Docket No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004, as
amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5221, Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt.
61–125A, 75 FR 15610, Mar. 30, 2010]
§ 61.317 Is my sport pilot certificate issued with
aircraft category and class ratings?
top Your sport pilot certificate does not list aircraft category
and class ratings. When you successfully pass the practical test
for a sport pilot certificate, regardless of the light-sport
aircraft privileges you seek, the FAA will issue you a sport
pilot certificate without any category and class ratings. The
FAA will provide you with a logbook endorsement for the category
and class of aircraft in which you are authorized to act as
pilot in command.
[Docket No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004, as
amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5222, Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt.
61–125A, 75 FR 15610, Mar. 30, 2010]
§ 61.319 [Reserved]
top
§ 61.321 How do I obtain privileges to operate an
additional category or class of light-sport aircraft?
top If you hold a sport pilot certificate and seek to operate an
additional category or class of light-sport aircraft, you must—
(a) Receive a logbook endorsement from the authorized
instructor who trained you on the applicable aeronautical
knowledge areas specified in §61.309 and areas of operation
specified in §61.311. The endorsement certifies you have met the
aeronautical knowledge and flight proficiency requirements for
the additional light-sport aircraft privilege you seek;
(b) Successfully complete a proficiency check from an
authorized instructor other than the instructor who trained you
on the aeronautical knowledge areas and areas of operation
specified in §§61.309 and 61.311 for the additional light-sport
aircraft privilege you seek;
(c) Complete an application for those privileges on a form
and in a manner acceptable to the FAA and present this
application to the authorized instructor who conducted the
proficiency check specified in paragraph (b) of this section;
and
(d) Receive a logbook endorsement from the instructor who
conducted the proficiency check specified in paragraph (b) of
this section certifying you are proficient in the applicable
areas of operation and aeronautical knowledge areas, and that
you are authorized for the additional category and class
light-sport aircraft privilege.
§ 61.323 [Reserved]
top
§ 61.325 How do I obtain privileges to operate a
light-sport aircraft at an airport within, or in airspace
within, Class B, C, and D airspace, or in other airspace with an
airport having an operational control tower?
top If you hold a sport pilot certificate and seek privileges to
operate a light-sport aircraft in Class B, C, or D airspace, at
an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace, or to, from,
through, or at an airport having an operational control tower,
you must receive and log ground and flight training. The
authorized instructor who provides this training must provide a
logbook endorsement that certifies you are proficient in the
following aeronautical knowledge areas and areas of operation:
(a) The use of radios, communications, navigation
system/facilities, and radar services.
(b) Operations at airports with an operating control tower to
include three takeoffs and landings to a full stop, with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern, at an airport
with an operating control tower.
(c) Applicable flight rules of part 91 of this chapter for
operations in Class B, C, and D airspace and air traffic control
clearances.
§ 61.327 Are there specific endorsement requirements to
operate a light-sport aircraft based on VH?
top (a) Except as specified in paragraph (c) of this section, if
you hold a sport pilot certificate and you seek to operate a
light-sport aircraft that is an airplane with a VHless
than or equal to 87 knots CAS you must—
(1) Receive and log ground and flight training from an
authorized instructor in an airplane that has a VHless
than or equal to 87 knots CAS; and
(2) Receive a logbook endorsement from the authorized
instructor who provided the training specified in paragraph
(a)(1) of this section certifying that you are proficient in the
operation of light-sport aircraft that is an airplane with a VHless
than or equal to 87 knots CAS.
(b) If you hold a sport pilot certificate and you seek to
operate a light-sport aircraft that has a VHgreater
than 87 knots CAS you must—
(1) Receive and log ground and flight training from an
authorized instructor in an aircraft that has a VHgreater
than 87 knots CAS; and
(2) Receive a logbook endorsement from the authorized
instructor who provided the training specified in paragraph
(b)(1) of this section certifying that you are proficient in the
operation of light-sport aircraft with a VHgreater
than 87 knots CAS.
(c) The training and endorsements required by paragraph (a)
of this section are not required if you have logged flight time
as pilot in command of an airplane with a VHless than
or equal to 87 knots CAS prior to April 2, 2010.
[Docket No. FAA–2007–29015, 75 FR 5222, Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt.
61–125A, 75 FR 15610, Mar. 30, 2010]
Subpart K—Flight Instructors With a Sport Pilot Rating
top Source: Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69
FR 44875, July 27, 2004, unless otherwise noted.
§ 61.401 What is the purpose of this subpart?
top (a) This part prescribes the following requirements that
apply to a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot
rating:
(1) Eligibility.
(2) Aeronautical knowledge.
(3) Flight proficiency.
(4) Endorsements.
(5) Privileges and limits.
(b) Other provisions of this part apply to the logging of
flight time and testing.
[Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July 27, 2004, as
amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5222, Feb. 1, 2010]
§ 61.403 What are the age, language, and pilot certificate
requirements for a flight instructor certificate with a sport
pilot rating?
top To be eligible for a flight instructor certificate with a
sport pilot rating you must:
(a) Be at least 18 years old.
(b) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand English. If
you cannot read, speak, write, and understand English because of
medical reasons, the FAA may place limits on your certificate as
are necessary for the safe operation of light-sport aircraft.
(c) Hold at least a sport pilot certificate with category and
class ratings or privileges, as applicable, that are appropriate
to the flight instructor privileges sought.
[Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July 27, 2004, as
amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.405 What tests do I have to take to obtain a flight
instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?
top To obtain a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot
rating you must pass the following tests:
(a) Knowledge test . Before you take a knowledge test,
you must receive a logbook endorsement certifying you are
prepared for the test from an authorized instructor who trained
you or evaluated your home-study course on the aeronautical
knowledge areas listed in §61.407. You must pass knowledge tests
on—
(1) The fundamentals of instructing listed in §61.407(a),
unless you meet the requirements of §61.407(c); and
(2) The aeronautical knowledge areas for a sport pilot
certificate applicable to the aircraft category and class for
which flight instructor privileges are sought.
(b) Practical test. (1) Before you take the practical
test, you must—
(i) Receive a logbook endorsement from the authorized
instructor who provided you with flight training on the areas of
operation specified in §61.409 that apply to the category and
class of aircraft privileges you seek. This endorsement
certifies you meet the applicable aeronautical knowledge and
experience requirements and are prepared for the practical test;
(ii) If you are seeking privileges to provide instruction in
an airplane or glider, receive a logbook endorsement from an
authorized instructor indicating that you are competent and
possess instructional proficiency in stall awareness, spin
entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures after you have
received flight training in those training areas in an airplane
or glider, as appropriate, that is certificated for spins;
(2) You must pass a practical test—
(i) On the areas of operation listed in §61.409 that are
appropriate to the category and class of aircraft privileges you
seek;
(ii) In an aircraft representative of the category and class
of aircraft for the privileges you seek;
(iii) In which you demonstrate that you are able to teach
stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures
if you are seeking privileges to provide instruction in an
airplane or glider. If you have not failed a practical test
based on deficiencies in your ability to demonstrate knowledge
or skill in these areas and you provide the endorsement required
by paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section, an examiner may accept
the endorsement instead of the demonstration required by this
paragraph. If you are taking a test because you previously
failed a test based on not meeting the requirements of this
paragraph, you must pass a practical test on stall awareness,
spin entry, spins, and spin recovery instructional competency
and proficiency in the applicable category and class of aircraft
that is certificated for spins.
§ 61.407 What aeronautical knowledge must I have to apply
for a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?
top (a) Except as specified in paragraph (c) of this section you
must receive and log ground training from an authorized
instructor on the fundamentals of instruction that includes:
(1) The learning process.
(2) Elements of effective teaching.
(3) Student evaluation and testing.
(4) Course development.
(5) Lesson planning.
(6) Classroom training techniques.
(b) You must receive and log ground training from an
authorized instructor on the aeronautical knowledge areas
applicable to a sport pilot certificate for the aircraft
category and class in which you seek flight instructor
privileges.
(c) You do not have to meet the requirements of paragraph (a)
of this section if you—
(1) Hold a flight instructor certificate or ground instructor
certificate issued under this part;
(2) Hold a teacher's certificate issued by a State, county,
city, or municipality; or
(3) Are employed as a teacher at an accredited college or
university.
[Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July 27, 2004, as
amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, 2009]
§ 61.409 What flight proficiency requirements must I meet
to apply for a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot
rating?
top You must receive and log ground and flight training from an
authorized instructor on the following areas of operation for
the aircraft category and class in which you seek flight
instructor privileges:
(a) Technical subject areas.
(b) Preflight preparation.
(c) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight.
(d) Preflight procedures.
(e) Airport, seaplane base, and gliderport operations, as
applicable.
(f) Takeoffs (or launches), landings, and go-arounds.
(g) Fundamentals of flight.
(h) Performance maneuvers and for gliders, performance
speeds.
(i) Ground reference maneuvers (except for gliders and
lighter-than-air).
(j) Soaring techniques.
(k) Slow flight (not applicable to lighter-than-air and
powered parachutes).
(l) Stalls (not applicable to lighter-than-air, powered
parachutes, and gyroplanes).
(m) Spins (applicable to airplanes and gliders).
(n) Emergency operations.
(o) Tumble entry and avoidance techniques (applicable to
weight-shift-control aircraft).
(p) Post-flight procedures.
§ 61.411 What aeronautical experience must I have to apply
for a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?
top Use the following table to determine the experience you must
have for each aircraft category and class:
If you are
applying for a flight instructor certificate
with a sport pilot rating
for . . . |
Then you
must log at least . . . |
Which must
include at least . . . |
(a) Airplane category and single-engine class
privileges, |
(1) 150
hours of flight time as a pilot, |
(i) 100
hours of flight time as pilot in command in
powered aircraft,
(ii) 50 hours of flight time in a single-engine
airplane,
(iii) 25 hours of cross-country flight time,
(iv) 10 hours of cross-country flight time in a
single-engine airplane, and |
|
|
(v) 15 hours
of flight time as pilot in command in a
single-engine airplane that is a light-sport
aircraft. |
(b) Glider category privileges, |
(1) 25 hours
of flight time as pilot in command in a glider,
100 flights in a glider, and 15 flights as pilot
in command in a glider that is a light-sport
aircraft, or
(2) 100 hours in heavier-than-air aircraft, 20
flights in a glider, and 15 flights as pilot in
command in a glider that is a light-sport
aircraft |
|
(c) Rotorcraft category and gyroplane class
privileges, |
(1) 125
hours of flight time as a pilot, |
(i) 100
hours of flight time as pilot in command in
powered aircraft,
(ii) 50 hours of flight time in a gyroplane, |
|
|
(iii) 10
hours of cross-country flight time, |
|
|
(iv) 3 hours
of cross-country flight time in a gyroplane, and |
|
|
(v) 15 hours
of flight time as pilot in command in a
gyroplane that is a light-sport aircraft. |
(d) Lighter-than-air category and airship class
privileges, |
(1) 100
hours of flight time as a pilot, |
(i) 40 hours
of flight time in an airship,
(ii) 20 hours of pilot in command time in an
airship, |
|
|
(iii) 10
hours of cross-country flight time, |
|
|
(iv) 5 hours
of cross-country flight time in an airship, and |
|
|
(v) 15 hours
of flight time as pilot in command in an airship
that is a light-sport aircraft. |
(e) Lighter-than-air category and balloon class
privileges, |
(1) 35 hours
of flight time as pilot-in-command, |
(i) 20 hours
of flight time in a balloon,
(ii) 10 flights in a balloon, and |
|
|
(iii) 5
flights as pilot in command in a balloon that is
a light-sport aircraft. |
(f) Weight-shift-control aircraft category
privileges, |
(1) 150
hours of flight time as a pilot, |
(i) 100
hours of flight time as pilot in command in
powered aircraft,
(ii) 50 hours of flight time in a
weight-shift-control aircraft, |
|
|
(iii) 25
hours of cross-country flight time, |
|
|
(iv) 10
hours of cross-country flight time in a
weight-shift-control aircraft, and |
|
|
(v) 15 hours
of flight time as pilot in command in a
weight-shift-control aircraft that is a
light-sport aircraft. |
(g) Powered-parachute category privileges, |
(1) 100
hours of flight time as a pilot, |
(i) 75 hours
of flight time as pilot in command in powered
aircraft,
(ii) 50 hours of flight time in a powered
parachute, |
|
|
(iii) 15
hours of cross-country flight time, |
|
|
(iv) 5 hours
of cross-country flight time in a powered
parachute, and |
|
|
(v) 15 hours
of flight time as pilot in command in a powered
parachute that is a light-sport aircraft. |
§ 61.413 What are the privileges of my flight instructor
certificate with a sport pilot rating?
top If you hold a flight instructor certificate with a sport
pilot rating, you are authorized, within the limits of your
certificate and rating, to provide training and endorsements
that are required for, and relate to—
(a) A student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate;
(b) A sport pilot certificate;
(c) A flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot
rating;
(d) A powered parachute or weight-shift-control aircraft
rating;
(e) Sport pilot privileges;
(f) A flight review or operating privilege for a sport pilot;
(g) A practical test for a sport pilot certificate, a private
pilot certificate with a powered parachute or
weight-shift-control aircraft rating or a flight instructor
certificate with a sport pilot rating;
(h) A knowledge test for a sport pilot certificate, a private
pilot certificate with a powered parachute or
weight-shift-control aircraft rating or a flight instructor
certificate with a sport pilot rating; and
(i) A proficiency check for an additional category or class
privilege for a sport pilot certificate or a flight instructor
certificate with a sport pilot rating.
[Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July 27, 2004, as
amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5222, Feb. 1, 2010]
§ 61.415 What are the limits of a flight instructor
certificate with a sport pilot rating?
top If you hold a flight instructor certificate with a sport
pilot rating, you may only provide flight training in a
light-sport aircraft and are subject to the following limits:
(a) You may not provide ground or flight training in any
aircraft for which you do not hold:
(1) A sport pilot certificate with applicable category and
class privileges or a pilot certificate with the applicable
category and class rating; and
(2) Applicable category and class privileges for your flight
instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating.
(b) You may not provide ground or flight training for a
private pilot certificate with a powered parachute or
weight-shift-control aircraft rating unless you hold:
(1) At least a private pilot certificate with the applicable
category and class rating; and
(2) Applicable category and class privileges for your flight
instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating.
(c) You may not conduct more than 8 hours of flight training
in any 24-consecutive-hour period.
(d) You may not endorse a:
(1) Student pilot's certificate or logbook for solo flight
privileges, unless you have—
(i) Given that student the flight training required for solo
flight privileges required by this part; and
(ii) Determined that the student is prepared to conduct the
flight safely under known circumstances, subject to any
limitations listed in the student's logbook that you consider
necessary for the safety of the flight.
(2) Student pilot's certificate and logbook for a solo
cross-country flight, unless you have determined the student's
flight preparation, planning, equipment, and proposed procedures
are adequate for the proposed flight under the existing
conditions and within any limitations listed in the logbook that
you consider necessary for the safety of the flight.
(3) Student pilot's certificate and logbook for solo flight
in Class B, C, and D airspace areas, at an airport within Class
B, C, or D airspace and to from, through or on an airport having
an operational control tower, unless that you have—
(i) Given that student ground and flight training in that
airspace or at that airport; and
(ii) Determined that the student is proficient to operate the
aircraft safely.
(4) Logbook of a pilot for a flight review, unless you have
conducted a review of that pilot in accordance with the
requirements of §61.56.
(e) You may not provide training to operate a light-sport
aircraft in Class B, C, and D airspace, at an airport located in
Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, through, or at an
airport having an operational control tower, unless you have the
endorsement specified in §61.325, or are otherwise authorized to
conduct operations in this airspace and at these airports.
(f) You may not provide training in a light-sport aircraft
that is an airplane with a VHless than or equal to 87
knots CAS unless you have the endorsement specified in §61.327
(a), or are otherwise authorized to operate that light-sport
aircraft.
(g) You may not provide training in a light-sport aircraft
with a VHgreater than 87 knots CAS unless you have
the endorsement specified in §61.327 (b), or are otherwise
authorized to operate that light-sport aircraft.
(h) You must perform all training in an aircraft that
complies with the requirements of §91.109 of this chapter.
(i) If you provide flight training for a certificate, rating
or privilege, you must provide that flight training in an
aircraft that meets the following:
(1) The aircraft must have at least two pilot stations and be
of the same category and class appropriate to the certificate,
rating or privilege sought.
(2) For single place aircraft, pre-solo flight training must
be provided in an aircraft that has two pilot stations and is of
the same category and class appropriate to the certificate,
rating, or privilege sought.
[Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July 27, 2004, as
amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5222, Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt.
61–125A, 75 FR 15610, Mar. 30, 2010]
§ 61.417 Will my flight instructor certificate with a
sport pilot rating list aircraft category and class ratings?
top Your flight instructor certificate does not list aircraft
category and class ratings. When you successfully pass the
practical test for a flight instructor certificate with a sport
pilot rating, regardless of the light-sport aircraft privileges
you seek, the FAA will issue you a flight instructor certificate
with a sport pilot rating without any category and class
ratings. The FAA will provide you with a logbook endorsement for
the category and class of light-sport aircraft you are
authorized to provide training in.
§ 61.419 How do I obtain privileges to provide training in
an additional category or class of light-sport aircraft?
top If you hold a flight instructor certificate with a sport
pilot rating and seek to provide training in an additional
category or class of light-sport aircraft you must—
(a) Receive a logbook endorsement from the authorized
instructor who trained you on the applicable areas of operation
specified in §61.409 certifying you have met the aeronautical
knowledge and flight proficiency requirements for the additional
category and class flight instructor privilege you seek;
(b) Successfully complete a proficiency check from an
authorized instructor other than the instructor who trained you
on the areas specified in §61.409 for the additional category
and class flight instructor privilege you seek;
(c) Complete an application for those privileges on a form
and in a manner acceptable to the FAA and present this
application to the authorized instructor who conducted the
proficiency check specified in paragraph (b) of this section;
and
(d) Receive a logbook endorsement from the instructor who
conducted the proficiency check specified in paragraph (b) of
this section certifying you are proficient in the areas of
operation and authorized for the additional category and class
flight instructor privilege.
§ 61.421 May I give myself an endorsement?
top No. If you hold a flight instructor certificate with a sport
pilot rating, you may not give yourself an endorsement for any
certificate, privilege, rating, flight review, authorization,
practical test, knowledge test, or proficiency check required by
this part.
§ 61.423 What are the recordkeeping requirements for a
flight instructor with a sport pilot rating?
top (a) As a flight instructor with a sport pilot rating you
must:
(1) Sign the logbook of each person to whom you have given
flight training or ground training.
(2) Keep a record of the name, date, and type of endorsement
for:
(i) Each person whose logbook or student pilot certificate
you have endorsed for solo flight privileges.
(ii) Each person for whom you have provided an endorsement
for a knowledge test, practical test, or proficiency check, and
the record must indicate the kind of test or check, and the
results.
(iii) Each person whose logbook you have endorsed as
proficient to operate—
(A) An additional category or class of light-sport aircraft;
(B) In Class B, C, and D airspace; at an airport located in
Class B, C, or D airspace; and to, from, through, or at an
airport having an operational control tower;
(C) A light-sport aircraft that is an airplane with a VHless
than or equal to 87 knots CAS; and
(D) A light-sport aircraft with a VHgreater than
87 knots CAS.
(iv) Each person whose logbook you have endorsed as
proficient to provide flight training in an additional category
or class of light-sport aircraft.
(b) Within 10 days after providing an endorsement for a
person to operate or provide training in an additional category
and class of light-sport aircraft you must—
(1) Complete, sign, and submit to the FAA the application
presented to you to obtain those privileges; and
(2) Retain a copy of the form.
(c) You must keep the records listed in this section for 3
years. You may keep these records in a logbook or a separate
document.
[Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July 27, 2004, as
amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5222, Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt.
61–125A, 75 FR 15610, Mar. 30, 2010]
§ 61.425 How do I renew my flight instructor certificate?
top If you hold a flight instructor certificate with a sport
pilot rating you may renew your certificate in accordance with
the provisions of §61.197.
§ 61.427 What must I do if my flight instructor
certificate with a sport pilot rating expires?
top You may exchange your expired flight instructor certificate
with a sport pilot rating for a new certificate with a sport
pilot rating and any other rating on that certificate by passing
a practical test as prescribed in §61.405(b) or §61.183(h) for
one of the ratings listed on the expired flight instructor
certificate. The FAA will reinstate any privilege authorized by
the expired certificate.
§ 61.429 May I exercise the privileges of a flight
instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating if I hold a
flight instructor certificate with another rating?
top If you hold a flight instructor certificate, a commercial
pilot certificate with an airship rating, or a commercial pilot
certificate with a balloon rating issued under this part, and
you seek to exercise the privileges of a flight instructor
certificate with a sport pilot rating, you may do so without any
further showing of proficiency, subject to the following limits:
(a) You are limited to the aircraft category and class
ratings listed on your flight instructor certificate, commercial
pilot certificate with an airship rating, or commercial pilot
certificate with a balloon rating, as appropriate, when
exercising your flight instructor privileges and the privileges
specified in §61.413.
(b) You must comply with the limits specified in §61.415 and
the recordkeeping requirements of §61.423.
(c) If you want to exercise the privileges of your flight
instructor certificate in a category or class of light-sport
aircraft for which you are not currently rated, you must meet
all applicable requirements to provide training in an additional
category or class of light-sport aircraft specified in §61.419.
[Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July 27, 2004, as
amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt.
61–125, 75 FR 5222, Feb. 1, 2010]